Adaptation of Agile Spotify Model at the Government Digital Service
Main Article Content
Abstract
Jabar Digital Service (JDS) took an innovative approach by smoothly integrating Spotify's agile model into the government's structure. This transformation went beyond simple structural changes. It completely reconfigured bureaucratic structures to match the agile culture required for effective digital service delivery. JDS proactively adapted its organizational structure by recruiting highly skilled professionals to meet the specific needs of the digital environment. In addition, the organization implemented the Agile at Scale and Heterogeneous Tailoring frameworks. These frameworks increased independence and promoted consistency in decision-making, enabling a fundamental change in the way JDS delivered projects and introducing collaborative groups such as squads, tribes and divisions.
This integration required a complete restructuring of cultural standards, regulatory systems, risk mitigation procedures and thorough staff development. The process of communicating effectively with team stakeholders and achieving a balance between team autonomy and alignment in a changed organization was challenging. A variety of methods were used to support this research, including an in-depth exploration and observation of JDS, semi-structured interviews with relevant staff, a comprehensive case study approach using holistic single case design, and a detailed analysis of previous research, regulations and secondary data sources.
The impact of this pioneering project was far-reaching. It facilitated the establishment of digital signatures to simplify bureaucratic procedures, the conversion of analogue forms into digital domains, and the digitalization of business activities. The development of JDS was an important milestone in the digital transformation process, as it facilitated collaboration between the community and the government on digital services. Significantly, this undertaking used Spotify's operational framework, adapting and customizing it to the specific needs and difficulties of JDS, which represents a notable advance in government digital integration
Article Details
How to Cite
Rizki Wijaya, Wahyudi Kumorotomo, Ratminto, & Achmad Djunaedi. (2024). Adaptation of Agile Spotify Model at the Government Digital Service. Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics, 4(2), 74-91. https://doi.org/10.33258/polit.v4i2.1069
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References
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Ambler, S. W. (2008). Agile Software Development at Scale. In B. Meyer, J. R. Nawrocki, & B. Walter (Eds.), Balancing Agility and Formalism in Software Engineering (Vol. 5082, pp. 1–12). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85279-7_1
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Ben Othman, H., Zouaoui, M., & Hamdoun, M. (2016). Organizational culture and the acceptance of agile methodology. 2016 International Conference on Digital Economy (ICDEc), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDEC.2016.7563140
Boer, A., & Van Engers, T. (2013). Agile: A problem-based model of regulatory policymaking. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 21(4), 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-013-9144-0
Camara, R., Marinho, M., & Moura, H. (2021). Agile tailoring with scaling agile frameworks in distributed large-scale settings. Anais Estendidos Do XX Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software (SBQS Estendido 2021), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbqs_estendido.2021.18556
CAR-PUŠIĆ, D., MAROVIĆ, I., & BULATOVIĆ, G. (2020). Development of a Hybrid Agile Management Model in Local Self-Government Units. Tehnicki Vjesnik - Technical Gazette, 27(5). https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20190205140719
Cruth, M. (2019). Discover the Spotify model [Education]. What the Most Popular Music Technology Company Can Teach Us about Scaling Agile. https://www.atlassian.com/agile/agile-at-scale/spotify
Enriquez, C., & Gomez Gil, P. (2015). A model for improving training of software developers in small companies. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 13(5), 1453–1461. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2015.7112002
Fagerholm, F., & Pagels, M. (2014). Examining the Structure of Lean and Agile Values among Software Developers. In G. Cantone & M. Marchesi (Eds.), Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming (Vol. 179, pp. 218–233). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06862-6_15
Gerster, D., Dremel, C., Brenner, W., & Kelker, P. (2019). How Enterprises Adopt Agile Structures: A Multiple-Case Study. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2019.596
Halim, F. R., Astuti, F., & Umam, K. (2021). Implementasi Prinsip Agile Governance Melalui Aplikasi PIKOBAR di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 7(1), 48–67. https://doi.org/10.26618/kjap.v7i1.4736
Hasymi, F., & Ningrum, I. (Eds.). (2023). West Java Province in Figures 2023. BPS-Statistics of Jawa Barat Province.
Holbeche, L. S. (2019). Shifts in Organizational Culture When Implementing Agility. Journal of Creating Value, 5(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/2394964319853164
Infrastruktur Internet. (2020). Diskominfo Jabar. https://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/infografik/80-persen-desa-di-jawa-barat-sudah-memiliki-akses-internet
Khan, R. A., Abrar, M. F., Baseer, S., Majeed, M. F., Usman, M., Ur Rahman, S., & Cho, Y.-Z. (2021). Practices of Motivators in Adopting Agile Software Development at Large Scale Development Team from Management Perspective. Electronics, 10(19), 2341. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192341
Kischelewski, B., & Richter, J. (2020, June 15). Implementing Large-Scale Agile—An Analysis of Challenges and Success Factors. ECIS 2020 Proceedings. A Virtual AIS Conference. https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2020_rp/176?utm_source=aisel.aisnet.org%2Fecis2020_rp%2F176&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Lindstrom, N. B., Koutsikouri, D., Staron, M., Meding, W., & Soder, O. (2021). Understanding Metrics Team-Stakeholder Communication in Agile Metrics Service Delivery. 2021 28th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC53868.2021.00047
Looks, H., Fangmann, J., Thomaschewski, J., & Schön, E.-M. (2021). Towards a Process Model for Agile Transformation in E-government Projects. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 6(1), em0132. https://doi.org/10.29333/jisem/9571
Luna, A., Kruchten, P., & Moura, H. (2015, Mei). Agile Governance Theory: Conceptual development. 12th International Conference on Management of Technology and Information System, FEA-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277141416_Agile_Governance_Theory_conceptual_development
Martini, A., Pareto, L., & Bosch, J. (2013). Communication factors for speed and reuse in large-scale agile software development. Proceedings of the 17th International Software Product Line Conference, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1145/2491627.2491642
McBride, K., Kupi, M., & Bryson, J. J. (2021). Untangling Agile Government: On the Dual Necessities of Structure and Agility [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/qwjcx
Mergel, I., Gong, Y., & Bertot, J. (2018). Agile government: Systematic literature review and future research. Government Information Quarterly, 35(2), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.04.003
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83,(No. 2), 340-363 (24 pages).
Mohagheghi, P., & Lassenius, C. (2021). Organizational implications of agile adoption: A case study from the public sector. Proceedings of the 29th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, 1444–1454. https://doi.org/10.1145/3468264.3473937
Narasimhan, R., Swink, M., & Kim, S. W. (2006). Disentangling leanness and agility: An empirical investigation. Journal of Operations Management, 24(5), 440–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2005.11.011
Petersen, K. (2011). Is Lean Agile and Agile Lean?: A Comparison between Two Software Development Paradigms. In Modern Software Engineering Concepts and Practices: Advanced Approaches edited by Ali H. Dogru and Veli Biçer, (pp. 19–46). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-215-4.ch002
Puranam, P. (2018). Formal and Informal Structure of Organization (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.003.0007
Riezebos, J. (2017). LEAN PLANNING AND CONTROL: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. In Cellular Manufacturing Systems edited by Gürsel A. Süer and Mitsuo Gen (pp. 517–531). Nova Science Publishers. https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/782060378/Lean_planning_and_control_Principles_and_practice.pdf
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. (2018). Influential Factors of Aligning Spotify Squads in Mission-Critical and Offshore Projects – A Longitudinal Embedded Case Study. In M. Kuhrmann, K. Schneider, D. Pfahl, S. Amasaki, M. Ciolkowski, R. Hebig, P. Tell, J. Klünder, & S. Küpper (Eds.), Product-Focused Software Process Improvement (Vol. 11271, pp. 199–215). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03673-7_15
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. (2019a). Spotify Tailoring for B2B Product Development. 2019 45th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEAA.2019.00018
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. M. (2019b). Spotify Tailoring for Promoting Effectiveness in Cross-Functional Autonomous Squads. In R. Hoda (Ed.), Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops (Vol. 364, pp. 20–28). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30126-2_3
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. M. (2020). Heterogeneous Tailoring Approach Using the Spotify Model. Proceedings of the Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1145/3383219.3383251
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. M. (2022). An architecture governance approach for Agile development by tailoring the Spotify model. AI & SOCIETY, 37(2), 761–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01240-x
Savić, D. (2019). From Digitization, through Digitalization, to Digital Transformation. 43/2019, 36–39.
Schön, E.-M., Radtke, D., & Jordan, C. (2020). Improving Risk Management in a Scaled Agile Environment. In V. Stray, R. Hoda, M. Paasivaara, & P. Kruchten (Eds.), Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming (Vol. 383, pp. 132–141). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49392-9_9
Smite, D., Moe, N. B., Levinta, G., & Floryan, M. (2019). Spotify Guilds: How to Succeed With Knowledge Sharing in Large-Scale Agile Organizations. IEEE Software, 36(2), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2018.2886178
Stephens, M., Awamleh, R., & Salem, F. (Eds.). (2022). Agile government: Emerging perspectives in public management. World Scientific.
Sullivan, C., Wong, I., Adams, E., Fahim, M., Fraser, J., Ranatunga, G., Busato, M., & McNeil, K. (2021). Moving Faster than the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Rapid, Digital Transformation of a Public Health System. Applied Clinical Informatics, 12(02), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725186
Weber, B., & Wild, W. (2004). Application of Lean and Agile Principles to Workflow Management. In J. Eckstein & H. Baumeister (Eds.), Extreme Programming and Agile Processes in Software Engineering (Vol. 3092, pp. 258–261). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24853-8_36
Whetsell, T. A., Kroll, A., & DeHart-Davis, L. (2021). Formal Hierarchies and Informal Networks: How Organizational Structure Shapes Information Search in Local Government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 31(4), 653–669. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muab003
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth edition). SAGE.
Ylinen, M. (2021). Incorporating agile practices in public sector IT management: A nudge toward adaptive governance. Information Polity, 26(3), 251–271. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-200269
Aghina, W., Ahlbäck, K., De Smet, A., Fahrbach, C., Handscomb, C., Lackey, G., Lurie, M., Murarka, M., Salo, O., Seem, E., & Woxholth, J. (2017). The 5 Trademarks of Agile Organizations.
Aghina, W., De Smet, A., & Weerda, K. (2015, December). Agility: It rhymes with stability.
Aitken, J., Christopher, M., & Towill, D. (2002). Understanding, Implementing and Exploiting Agility and Leanness. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 5(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675560110084139
Ambler, S. W. (2008). Agile Software Development at Scale. In B. Meyer, J. R. Nawrocki, & B. Walter (Eds.), Balancing Agility and Formalism in Software Engineering (Vol. 5082, pp. 1–12). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85279-7_1
Bäcklander, G. (2019). Doing complexity leadership theory: How agile coaches at Spotify practise enabling leadership. Creativity and Innovation Management, 28(1), 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12303
Ben Othman, H., Zouaoui, M., & Hamdoun, M. (2016). Organizational culture and the acceptance of agile methodology. 2016 International Conference on Digital Economy (ICDEc), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDEC.2016.7563140
Boer, A., & Van Engers, T. (2013). Agile: A problem-based model of regulatory policymaking. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 21(4), 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-013-9144-0
Camara, R., Marinho, M., & Moura, H. (2021). Agile tailoring with scaling agile frameworks in distributed large-scale settings. Anais Estendidos Do XX Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software (SBQS Estendido 2021), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbqs_estendido.2021.18556
CAR-PUŠIĆ, D., MAROVIĆ, I., & BULATOVIĆ, G. (2020). Development of a Hybrid Agile Management Model in Local Self-Government Units. Tehnicki Vjesnik - Technical Gazette, 27(5). https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20190205140719
Cruth, M. (2019). Discover the Spotify model [Education]. What the Most Popular Music Technology Company Can Teach Us about Scaling Agile. https://www.atlassian.com/agile/agile-at-scale/spotify
Enriquez, C., & Gomez Gil, P. (2015). A model for improving training of software developers in small companies. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 13(5), 1453–1461. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2015.7112002
Fagerholm, F., & Pagels, M. (2014). Examining the Structure of Lean and Agile Values among Software Developers. In G. Cantone & M. Marchesi (Eds.), Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming (Vol. 179, pp. 218–233). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06862-6_15
Gerster, D., Dremel, C., Brenner, W., & Kelker, P. (2019). How Enterprises Adopt Agile Structures: A Multiple-Case Study. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2019.596
Halim, F. R., Astuti, F., & Umam, K. (2021). Implementasi Prinsip Agile Governance Melalui Aplikasi PIKOBAR di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 7(1), 48–67. https://doi.org/10.26618/kjap.v7i1.4736
Hasymi, F., & Ningrum, I. (Eds.). (2023). West Java Province in Figures 2023. BPS-Statistics of Jawa Barat Province.
Holbeche, L. S. (2019). Shifts in Organizational Culture When Implementing Agility. Journal of Creating Value, 5(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/2394964319853164
Infrastruktur Internet. (2020). Diskominfo Jabar. https://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/id/infografik/80-persen-desa-di-jawa-barat-sudah-memiliki-akses-internet
Khan, R. A., Abrar, M. F., Baseer, S., Majeed, M. F., Usman, M., Ur Rahman, S., & Cho, Y.-Z. (2021). Practices of Motivators in Adopting Agile Software Development at Large Scale Development Team from Management Perspective. Electronics, 10(19), 2341. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192341
Kischelewski, B., & Richter, J. (2020, June 15). Implementing Large-Scale Agile—An Analysis of Challenges and Success Factors. ECIS 2020 Proceedings. A Virtual AIS Conference. https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2020_rp/176?utm_source=aisel.aisnet.org%2Fecis2020_rp%2F176&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Lindstrom, N. B., Koutsikouri, D., Staron, M., Meding, W., & Soder, O. (2021). Understanding Metrics Team-Stakeholder Communication in Agile Metrics Service Delivery. 2021 28th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC53868.2021.00047
Looks, H., Fangmann, J., Thomaschewski, J., & Schön, E.-M. (2021). Towards a Process Model for Agile Transformation in E-government Projects. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 6(1), em0132. https://doi.org/10.29333/jisem/9571
Luna, A., Kruchten, P., & Moura, H. (2015, Mei). Agile Governance Theory: Conceptual development. 12th International Conference on Management of Technology and Information System, FEA-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277141416_Agile_Governance_Theory_conceptual_development
Martini, A., Pareto, L., & Bosch, J. (2013). Communication factors for speed and reuse in large-scale agile software development. Proceedings of the 17th International Software Product Line Conference, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1145/2491627.2491642
McBride, K., Kupi, M., & Bryson, J. J. (2021). Untangling Agile Government: On the Dual Necessities of Structure and Agility [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/qwjcx
Mergel, I., Gong, Y., & Bertot, J. (2018). Agile government: Systematic literature review and future research. Government Information Quarterly, 35(2), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.04.003
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83,(No. 2), 340-363 (24 pages).
Mohagheghi, P., & Lassenius, C. (2021). Organizational implications of agile adoption: A case study from the public sector. Proceedings of the 29th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, 1444–1454. https://doi.org/10.1145/3468264.3473937
Narasimhan, R., Swink, M., & Kim, S. W. (2006). Disentangling leanness and agility: An empirical investigation. Journal of Operations Management, 24(5), 440–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2005.11.011
Petersen, K. (2011). Is Lean Agile and Agile Lean?: A Comparison between Two Software Development Paradigms. In Modern Software Engineering Concepts and Practices: Advanced Approaches edited by Ali H. Dogru and Veli Biçer, (pp. 19–46). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-215-4.ch002
Puranam, P. (2018). Formal and Informal Structure of Organization (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.003.0007
Riezebos, J. (2017). LEAN PLANNING AND CONTROL: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. In Cellular Manufacturing Systems edited by Gürsel A. Süer and Mitsuo Gen (pp. 517–531). Nova Science Publishers. https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/782060378/Lean_planning_and_control_Principles_and_practice.pdf
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. (2018). Influential Factors of Aligning Spotify Squads in Mission-Critical and Offshore Projects – A Longitudinal Embedded Case Study. In M. Kuhrmann, K. Schneider, D. Pfahl, S. Amasaki, M. Ciolkowski, R. Hebig, P. Tell, J. Klünder, & S. Küpper (Eds.), Product-Focused Software Process Improvement (Vol. 11271, pp. 199–215). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03673-7_15
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. (2019a). Spotify Tailoring for B2B Product Development. 2019 45th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEAA.2019.00018
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. M. (2019b). Spotify Tailoring for Promoting Effectiveness in Cross-Functional Autonomous Squads. In R. Hoda (Ed.), Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops (Vol. 364, pp. 20–28). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30126-2_3
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. M. (2020). Heterogeneous Tailoring Approach Using the Spotify Model. Proceedings of the Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1145/3383219.3383251
Salameh, A., & Bass, J. M. (2022). An architecture governance approach for Agile development by tailoring the Spotify model. AI & SOCIETY, 37(2), 761–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01240-x
Savić, D. (2019). From Digitization, through Digitalization, to Digital Transformation. 43/2019, 36–39.
Schön, E.-M., Radtke, D., & Jordan, C. (2020). Improving Risk Management in a Scaled Agile Environment. In V. Stray, R. Hoda, M. Paasivaara, & P. Kruchten (Eds.), Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming (Vol. 383, pp. 132–141). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49392-9_9
Smite, D., Moe, N. B., Levinta, G., & Floryan, M. (2019). Spotify Guilds: How to Succeed With Knowledge Sharing in Large-Scale Agile Organizations. IEEE Software, 36(2), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2018.2886178
Stephens, M., Awamleh, R., & Salem, F. (Eds.). (2022). Agile government: Emerging perspectives in public management. World Scientific.
Sullivan, C., Wong, I., Adams, E., Fahim, M., Fraser, J., Ranatunga, G., Busato, M., & McNeil, K. (2021). Moving Faster than the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Rapid, Digital Transformation of a Public Health System. Applied Clinical Informatics, 12(02), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725186
Weber, B., & Wild, W. (2004). Application of Lean and Agile Principles to Workflow Management. In J. Eckstein & H. Baumeister (Eds.), Extreme Programming and Agile Processes in Software Engineering (Vol. 3092, pp. 258–261). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24853-8_36
Whetsell, T. A., Kroll, A., & DeHart-Davis, L. (2021). Formal Hierarchies and Informal Networks: How Organizational Structure Shapes Information Search in Local Government. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 31(4), 653–669. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muab003
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth edition). SAGE.
Ylinen, M. (2021). Incorporating agile practices in public sector IT management: A nudge toward adaptive governance. Information Polity, 26(3), 251–271. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-200269