The COVID-19 Pandemic in the IGAD Region: Consequence and Responses
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article examines the consequences of COVID-19 pandemic in the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) region. In its epidemiological, as well as socio-economic dimensions, the pandemic presents extraordinary difficulties. The states in the region already suffer of dearth of basic medical equipment, medicines, personnel, health infrastructures and other health related materials. Early on, it also became clear that the Western world would not extend helping hand, in particular, with regard to crucially needed medical equipment and masks. The European Union’s decision not to sell medical equipment outside the bloc sent a clear signal that the region is on its own. Releasing this the governments of the region focused on measures of prevention. They, while on the one hand introduced severe lockdown, state of emergency and curfews, and on the other began to mobilise their social capital. The consequences of the total lockdown are yet to be properly assessed; however, socio-economic impacts are already immense. The article argues that dealing with the consequences of the pandemic requires pulling together all the resources of the region that depend on effective and coherent mobilisation and organisation of resources, capacities and social capital.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Bereketeab, R. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic in the IGAD Region: Consequence and Responses. Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance, 1(2), 110-121. https://doi.org/10.33258/economit.v1i2.449
Section
Articles
References
Adetula, Victor, Bereketeab, Redie and Obi, Cyril. 2020. Regional Economic Communities and Peacebuilding in Africa: Lessons from ECOWAS and IGAD. London: Routledge
Ameyo, Dan K. 2010. ’Study on the Comprehensive Review of the Agreement Establishing the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, unpublished paper
Andemariam, Senai W. ‘The IGAD-Eritrea Impasse: Future Prospects in Light of Recent Developments’, in Victor Adetula, Redie Bereketeab and Cyril Obi (eds.), Regional Economic Communities and Peacebuilding in Africa: Lessons from ECOWAS and IGAD. London: Routledge
Appuli, Kasaija Phillip. 2015. ‘IGAD’s Mediation in the Current South Sudan Conflict: Prospects and Challenges’, African Security, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 120-145
Assal, Munzoul. 2020. ’Covid-19 and the Challenges of Social Distancing in Khartoum’, Chr. Michelsen Institute. https://www.cmi.no/countries/sudan. Accessed on 20-07-2020
Bayer, Lili; Deutsch, Jillian; Vela, Jakob Hank; Tamma, Paola. 2020. EU to Limit Exports of Medical Equipment outside Bloc. https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-eu-limit-exports-medical-equipment/. Accessed on 21-06-2020
Bereketeab, Redie. 2020a. ‘State Legitimacy and Government Performance in the Horn of Africa’ African Studies, vol. 79, no. 1. pp. 51-69
Bereketeab, Redie. 2020. Covid-19 and Eritrea’s Response. Kujenga Amani, SSRC-APN
Bereketeab, Redie (ed.). 2013. The Horn of Africa: Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts and Security. London: Pluto Press
Bereketeab, Redie. 2012. ‘Inter-governmental Authority on Development (IGAD): A Critical Analysis’, in Kidane Mengisteab and Redie Bereketeab (eds.), Regional Integration, Identity and Citizenship in the Greater Horn of Africa. Woodbridge and Rochester: James Currey
Bereketeab, Redie. 2009. State-building in Post-Liberation in Eritrea: Challenges, Achievements and Potentials. London: Adonis and Abbey Publishers
Boffey, Daniel. 2020. ‘Italy Criticises EU for being Slow to Help over Coronavirus Epidemic’, The Guardian, 11 March 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/italy-criticises-eu-being-slow-help. Accessed on 05-07-2020
Bown, Chad P. 2020. EU limits on medical gear exports put poor countries and Europeans at risk. https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/eu-limits-medical-gear-exports-put-poor-countries-and. Accessed on 21-06.2020
Cilliers, Jakkie et al. 2020. ’The Poor Lose Again: Impact of COVID-19 on Africa’, Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/the-poor-lose-again-impact-of-covid-19-on-africa. Accessed on 03-07-2020
D’emilio, Frances. 2020. ‘Scramble for Virus Supplies Strains Global Solidarity’, AP News, April 3, 2020. https://apnews. Com/b37eadbf9885767d01270117820f4b37. Accessed pm 04-07-2020
El-Affendi, Abdelwahab. 2001. ‘The Impasse in the IGAD Peace Process for Sudan: The Limits of Regional Peacemaking?’, African Affairs, Issue 100, pp. 581-599
Elhakim, Mohamed, Tourab, Saleh Banoit and Zouiten, Ahmed. 2020. ‘Covid-19 Pandemic in Djibouti: Epidemiology and the Response Strategy Followed to Contain the Virus During the First Two Months, 17 March to 16 May 2020’, PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243698.
Geyehu, Workineh. 2020. ‘Can the Horn Deal with the Impact of COVID-19? A Keynote Speech, Webner Seminar Presentation, Convened by ISS, On June 10, 2020. https://issafrica.org/events/can-the-horn-deal-with-the-impact-of-covid-19
Gill, Peter. 2010. Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid. New York: Oxford University Press
ICG. 2020. Defining Ethiopia’s Latest Perilous Crisis, 3 July 2020. https//www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia. Accessed on 01-10-2020
IGAD, 2020a. IGAD Heads of State and Government Declaration on the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic. Video-Conference, Monday, 30th March, 2020
IGAD. 2020b. Call for Action: IGAD Ministers of Finance Meeting on Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Online meeting on 9th April 2020
IGAD. 1996. Agreement Establishing the Inter-Government Authority on Development. Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Nairobi: IGAD/SUM-96/AGRE-DOC
Human Rights Watch. 2020a. ‘Kenya : Police Brutality During Curfew’, Human Rights Watch, April 22, 2020. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/22/kenya-police-brutality-during-curfew. Accessed on 20-07-2020
Human Rights Watch. 2020b. ‘Uganda: Respect Rights in Covid-19 Response’, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/02/uganda-respect-rights-covid-19-response#. Accessed on 20-07-2020
Lenard, Patti Tamara et al. 2010. ’Global Solidarity’, Contemporary Political Theory, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 99-130
Madeira, Francesco Caetano Jose. 2020. The Effect of COVID-19 on AMISON Operations in Somalia. ACCORD, October 14, 2020. Accord.za/analyses/the-effects-covid-19-on-amisom-operation-in-somalia. Accessed on 10-10-2020
Mengisteab, Kidane. 2014. The Horn of Africa. Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press
PSC Report. 2020. Towards a Regional Response to COVID-19 in the Horn. ISS/PSC Report, 22 April 2020
Schmidt, Elizabeth. 2018. Foreign Intervention in Africa After the Cold War: Sovereignty, Responsibility, and the War on Terror. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press
Serels, Steven. 2020. Epidemics in the African Red Sea Region: A History of Uneven Disease Exposure. Rift Valley Institute. www.riftvalley.net
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019. Cosmopolitanism. file:///C:/Users/redibere/Work Folders/Documents/Cosmopolitanism/(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).htm Accessed on 05-07-2020
Tareke, Gebru. 2009. The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. New Haven & London: Yale University Press
Wakiaga, James. 2020. ‘UNDP COVID-19: Leveraging on Social Capital to ‘Flatten the Curve’ in Eritrea’, James Wakiaga, Resident Representative, UNDP Eritrea. https://hezbawi.org/worldpress/?p=2552. Accessed on 15-10-2020
Weber, Annette. 2020. ‘Covid-19 in the Horn of Africa: Gaining Trust in a Crisis’, SWP Comment, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, No. 20 May 2020
Woodward, Peter. 2013. Crisis in the Horn of Africa: Politics, Piracy and the Threat of Terror. London and New York: I. B. Tauris
World Bank. 2020. Community Responses to COVID-19: From the Horn of Africa to the Solomon Islands. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/05/19/community-responses-to-cov... Accessed 30-06-2020
Yordanov, Radoslav A. 2016. The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa During the Cold War: Between Ideology and Pragmatism. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books
Ameyo, Dan K. 2010. ’Study on the Comprehensive Review of the Agreement Establishing the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, unpublished paper
Andemariam, Senai W. ‘The IGAD-Eritrea Impasse: Future Prospects in Light of Recent Developments’, in Victor Adetula, Redie Bereketeab and Cyril Obi (eds.), Regional Economic Communities and Peacebuilding in Africa: Lessons from ECOWAS and IGAD. London: Routledge
Appuli, Kasaija Phillip. 2015. ‘IGAD’s Mediation in the Current South Sudan Conflict: Prospects and Challenges’, African Security, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 120-145
Assal, Munzoul. 2020. ’Covid-19 and the Challenges of Social Distancing in Khartoum’, Chr. Michelsen Institute. https://www.cmi.no/countries/sudan. Accessed on 20-07-2020
Bayer, Lili; Deutsch, Jillian; Vela, Jakob Hank; Tamma, Paola. 2020. EU to Limit Exports of Medical Equipment outside Bloc. https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-eu-limit-exports-medical-equipment/. Accessed on 21-06-2020
Bereketeab, Redie. 2020a. ‘State Legitimacy and Government Performance in the Horn of Africa’ African Studies, vol. 79, no. 1. pp. 51-69
Bereketeab, Redie. 2020. Covid-19 and Eritrea’s Response. Kujenga Amani, SSRC-APN
Bereketeab, Redie (ed.). 2013. The Horn of Africa: Intra-State and Inter-State Conflicts and Security. London: Pluto Press
Bereketeab, Redie. 2012. ‘Inter-governmental Authority on Development (IGAD): A Critical Analysis’, in Kidane Mengisteab and Redie Bereketeab (eds.), Regional Integration, Identity and Citizenship in the Greater Horn of Africa. Woodbridge and Rochester: James Currey
Bereketeab, Redie. 2009. State-building in Post-Liberation in Eritrea: Challenges, Achievements and Potentials. London: Adonis and Abbey Publishers
Boffey, Daniel. 2020. ‘Italy Criticises EU for being Slow to Help over Coronavirus Epidemic’, The Guardian, 11 March 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/italy-criticises-eu-being-slow-help. Accessed on 05-07-2020
Bown, Chad P. 2020. EU limits on medical gear exports put poor countries and Europeans at risk. https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/eu-limits-medical-gear-exports-put-poor-countries-and. Accessed on 21-06.2020
Cilliers, Jakkie et al. 2020. ’The Poor Lose Again: Impact of COVID-19 on Africa’, Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/the-poor-lose-again-impact-of-covid-19-on-africa. Accessed on 03-07-2020
D’emilio, Frances. 2020. ‘Scramble for Virus Supplies Strains Global Solidarity’, AP News, April 3, 2020. https://apnews. Com/b37eadbf9885767d01270117820f4b37. Accessed pm 04-07-2020
El-Affendi, Abdelwahab. 2001. ‘The Impasse in the IGAD Peace Process for Sudan: The Limits of Regional Peacemaking?’, African Affairs, Issue 100, pp. 581-599
Elhakim, Mohamed, Tourab, Saleh Banoit and Zouiten, Ahmed. 2020. ‘Covid-19 Pandemic in Djibouti: Epidemiology and the Response Strategy Followed to Contain the Virus During the First Two Months, 17 March to 16 May 2020’, PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243698.
Geyehu, Workineh. 2020. ‘Can the Horn Deal with the Impact of COVID-19? A Keynote Speech, Webner Seminar Presentation, Convened by ISS, On June 10, 2020. https://issafrica.org/events/can-the-horn-deal-with-the-impact-of-covid-19
Gill, Peter. 2010. Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid. New York: Oxford University Press
ICG. 2020. Defining Ethiopia’s Latest Perilous Crisis, 3 July 2020. https//www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia. Accessed on 01-10-2020
IGAD, 2020a. IGAD Heads of State and Government Declaration on the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic. Video-Conference, Monday, 30th March, 2020
IGAD. 2020b. Call for Action: IGAD Ministers of Finance Meeting on Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Online meeting on 9th April 2020
IGAD. 1996. Agreement Establishing the Inter-Government Authority on Development. Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Nairobi: IGAD/SUM-96/AGRE-DOC
Human Rights Watch. 2020a. ‘Kenya : Police Brutality During Curfew’, Human Rights Watch, April 22, 2020. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/22/kenya-police-brutality-during-curfew. Accessed on 20-07-2020
Human Rights Watch. 2020b. ‘Uganda: Respect Rights in Covid-19 Response’, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/02/uganda-respect-rights-covid-19-response#. Accessed on 20-07-2020
Lenard, Patti Tamara et al. 2010. ’Global Solidarity’, Contemporary Political Theory, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 99-130
Madeira, Francesco Caetano Jose. 2020. The Effect of COVID-19 on AMISON Operations in Somalia. ACCORD, October 14, 2020. Accord.za/analyses/the-effects-covid-19-on-amisom-operation-in-somalia. Accessed on 10-10-2020
Mengisteab, Kidane. 2014. The Horn of Africa. Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press
PSC Report. 2020. Towards a Regional Response to COVID-19 in the Horn. ISS/PSC Report, 22 April 2020
Schmidt, Elizabeth. 2018. Foreign Intervention in Africa After the Cold War: Sovereignty, Responsibility, and the War on Terror. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press
Serels, Steven. 2020. Epidemics in the African Red Sea Region: A History of Uneven Disease Exposure. Rift Valley Institute. www.riftvalley.net
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019. Cosmopolitanism. file:///C:/Users/redibere/Work Folders/Documents/Cosmopolitanism/(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).htm Accessed on 05-07-2020
Tareke, Gebru. 2009. The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. New Haven & London: Yale University Press
Wakiaga, James. 2020. ‘UNDP COVID-19: Leveraging on Social Capital to ‘Flatten the Curve’ in Eritrea’, James Wakiaga, Resident Representative, UNDP Eritrea. https://hezbawi.org/worldpress/?p=2552. Accessed on 15-10-2020
Weber, Annette. 2020. ‘Covid-19 in the Horn of Africa: Gaining Trust in a Crisis’, SWP Comment, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, No. 20 May 2020
Woodward, Peter. 2013. Crisis in the Horn of Africa: Politics, Piracy and the Threat of Terror. London and New York: I. B. Tauris
World Bank. 2020. Community Responses to COVID-19: From the Horn of Africa to the Solomon Islands. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/05/19/community-responses-to-cov... Accessed 30-06-2020
Yordanov, Radoslav A. 2016. The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa During the Cold War: Between Ideology and Pragmatism. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books