The Political Impact of Chewing Khat (Chat) on Chewers: In the Case of Woldia City Administration of North Wollo, Amhara National Regional State
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Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the political impact of chewing khat on the chewers in Woldia City Administration of North Wollo, Amhara National Regional State. As far as the researcher's reading, no research was conducted in Ethiopia dealing with the political impact of chewing khat on chewers. Accordingly, this study was conducted using qualitative methods of data collection. Semi-structured in-depth interview, focus group discussion (FGD), and complete observation were employed during data collection. The study used phenomenology design and the findings were analyzed thematically. The study found that khat chewers’ political unconsciousness, utopian involvement in politics, and fail in conspired politics were associated with khat chewing practices. Based on this findings, the researchers recommend that awarness creation about the anxiety of khat in political life is in need.
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How to Cite
Kebede, A., Belay Asmare, & Admasu Bogale. (2022). The Political Impact of Chewing Khat (Chat) on Chewers: In the Case of Woldia City Administration of North Wollo, Amhara National Regional State. Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics, 1(4), 173-183. https://doi.org/10.33258/polit.v1i4.558
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References
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Aklilu Sinshaw, Anteneh Messele & Hiwot Kassa. (2014). Prevalence and associated factors of khat chewing among Atse Fasil campus students, University of Gondar, North West Ethiopia. Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychology, 1(6).
Alem A, Kebede D, Kullgren G. (1999). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of khat chewing in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl, 84-91.
Asfaw Getnet, Berhanie Getnet, Simegn Sendel &Daniel Tsehay. (n.d.). Khat Use Prevelance Causes and Mental Health, Bahir-Dar, North West Ethiopia. European Scientific Journal.
Amsalu Taye, Wondemagegn Melese, & Kelemu Tilahun. (2017). Perceived Pshychological Economic and Social Impact of khat chewing among Adolesecents and Adults in Nekemte Town: East Wollega Zone: West Ethiopia. BioMed Research International.
Asmamaw Zeleke, Worku Awoke, Endalew Gebeyehu & Fentie Ambaw. (2013). Khat chewing practice and its perceived health effects among communities of Dera Woreda, Amhara-Region, Ethiopia. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 3(4).
Awell Yahya, Yeria Rajeshwar, Tadele Eticha, Getu Khasay. Dagim Ali & et al. (2016). Socio- economic and health effects of khat chewing in Mekelle, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Pharmacy and Phormaceutical Research, 8(1).
Berhanu Megersa, Aregash Esayas & Alyi Mohamed. (2014). Socio-economic impact of khat in Mana district, Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2(2).
Bizuayehu Walle Birhane, Muluken Walle Birhane, Kidest Reba Lebeta. Effects of Khat Chewing Behaviors on Health Outcomes among Male Khat Chewers in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 4, 2014, pp. 89-97. Doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.15
Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beckerleg, S. (2008). Khat in East Africa: taking women into or out of sex work? Substance Use.
Central Statstical Agency of Ethiopia, ICF international: Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. 2012th edition. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Central Statistical Agency; 2012.
Chabai, P. (1989). Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford, England.
Creswell, W.J. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed methods approaches.
Dawson, C. (2002). Practical Research Methods: A user-friendly guide to mastering.
Research techniques and projects.
Denscombe, M. (2007).The Good research guide for small-scale social research projects. England: McGraw-Hill Education, Open University Press.
Erica B, George F, Gabor B. Khat-a controversial plant. Wien Klin Wochenschrift the Middle European J Med. 2009:121:604–14.
Feyissa, A.M., Kelly, J.P. (2008). A Review of the Neuropharmacological Properties of Khat. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, pp. 1147–1166.
Fujiwara Koji, Kroll Jerome, Yusuf Ismail. (2010). Psycchoses, PTSD and depression in Somali Refugees in Minnesota. Soc Psychiat Epidemil.
Gashaw Garedew and Teshome Gensa. (2019). Impact of Chronic khat (Catha edulis Forsk) Chewing on Pulmonary Function Test and Oxygen Saturation in Humans. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 1-7.
Giannini AJ, Castellani S. A manic like psychosis dueto khat. J Clin Toxicol. 1982; 19:455–459.
Green, R. H. (1999). Review of African Political Economy, 26, 33-49.
House, C.C. (2001). Statistical Aspects of a Census: Conference on Agricultural and Environmental Statistical Applications. Rome, Italy.
Howell. (1972). On Reserach: Observation.
Javed, A, Sadaf, S., and Luqman, M. (2006). Rural Women's Participation in Crop and Livestock Production Activities m Faisalabad-Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural and Social Sciences, 3, pp. 150-154. Retrieved from http://www.fspublishers.org
Kandari L, Hiranmai Y, Ashok T & Tripti K. (2014). Chat (Catha edulis): A socio-economic crop in Harar Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Licensee Springer.
Kebede Y: Cigarette smoking and Khat chewing among college students in North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Day 2002, 16(1):9–17.
Kroll J, Yusuf AI, Fujiwara K: Psychoses, PTSD, and depression in Somali refugees in Minnesota. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011, 46:481–493.
Mekasha, A. (1983). Clinical aspects of khat (Catha edulis forsk). International Symposium on Khat, (pp. 77-83).
Mekonnen G. (2006). Prevelance of Khat Induced Pschotic Reaction among College Students in Jimma University College of Agriculture. Discourse Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences.
Michael, N. (2005). Socialism: Avery Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Michael O, Axel K, Nasir W. (2011). Khat use in Europe: implications for European policy. In Marie- Christine A, eds. Drugs in focus. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. United Kingdom.
Minilek Kefale, Tadesse Desalegn, Ahmed Yimam & Dawit Tsegaye. (2012). the status of member's participation in seed producer and marketing cooperatives in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Global Advanced Research Journals, 1(1), pp. 009-014. Retrieved From http://garj.org/garjb/index.htm.
Negeanwa. (2013). Impact of Khat Cultivation on Educational Performance among Upper Primary School. Nairobi: Kenyatta University.
Park A, Sher KJ, Krull JL. (2009). Selection and socialization of risky drinking during the college transition: the importance of micro-environments associated with specific living units. Psychol Addict Behav, pp. 404–414
Parshat Kumar (2013). Qualitative research design: A conceptual frame-work. International Journal of Social Science and Interdisciplinary Research, 2(1).
Patel. (2000). Mechanism of action of cathinone: the active ingredient of khat (Catha edulis). East Afr Med, pp.329–332.
Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage: CA: Sage.Rahama
Toennes SW, Kauert GF: Driving under the influence of khat–alkaloid concentrations and observations in forensic cases. Forensic Sci Int, 2004, 140:85–90.
Walls, M. (2009). The Emeregence of a Somali State: Building Peace from Civil War in Somaliland. Affrican Affairs, 371-359.
Wendy Sykes, N. C. (2010). Perceptions of the Social Harms Associated with Khat Use. Home Office. Crowen.
Wilkinson, S. (2004). Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice. London: Sage.
Yeshalem Mulugeta (2013). Khat Chewing and Its Associated Factor among College Students in Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia. Science Journal of Public Health, pp. 209-214.
Yeshigeta Gelaw, A. H.A. (2004). Khat chewing and its Socio-demographic Correlates among the Staff of Jimma University. Journal of Health Development, 18(3).
Yin. (2003). Applied Social Research Method Series. International educational and Professional Publisher: London.
Zahran, A. K.A. (2014). Qat farms in Yemen: Ecology, dangerous impacts. Egypt Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1-8.
Aklilu Sinshaw, Anteneh Messele & Hiwot Kassa. (2014). Prevalence and associated factors of khat chewing among Atse Fasil campus students, University of Gondar, North West Ethiopia. Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychology, 1(6).
Alem A, Kebede D, Kullgren G. (1999). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of khat chewing in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl, 84-91.
Asfaw Getnet, Berhanie Getnet, Simegn Sendel &Daniel Tsehay. (n.d.). Khat Use Prevelance Causes and Mental Health, Bahir-Dar, North West Ethiopia. European Scientific Journal.
Amsalu Taye, Wondemagegn Melese, & Kelemu Tilahun. (2017). Perceived Pshychological Economic and Social Impact of khat chewing among Adolesecents and Adults in Nekemte Town: East Wollega Zone: West Ethiopia. BioMed Research International.
Asmamaw Zeleke, Worku Awoke, Endalew Gebeyehu & Fentie Ambaw. (2013). Khat chewing practice and its perceived health effects among communities of Dera Woreda, Amhara-Region, Ethiopia. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 3(4).
Awell Yahya, Yeria Rajeshwar, Tadele Eticha, Getu Khasay. Dagim Ali & et al. (2016). Socio- economic and health effects of khat chewing in Mekelle, Tigray Region, Ethiopia. International Journal of Pharmacy and Phormaceutical Research, 8(1).
Berhanu Megersa, Aregash Esayas & Alyi Mohamed. (2014). Socio-economic impact of khat in Mana district, Jimma Zone, South Western Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2(2).
Bizuayehu Walle Birhane, Muluken Walle Birhane, Kidest Reba Lebeta. Effects of Khat Chewing Behaviors on Health Outcomes among Male Khat Chewers in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 4, 2014, pp. 89-97. Doi: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20140204.15
Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beckerleg, S. (2008). Khat in East Africa: taking women into or out of sex work? Substance Use.
Central Statstical Agency of Ethiopia, ICF international: Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. 2012th edition. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Central Statistical Agency; 2012.
Chabai, P. (1989). Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford, England.
Creswell, W.J. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed methods approaches.
Dawson, C. (2002). Practical Research Methods: A user-friendly guide to mastering.
Research techniques and projects.
Denscombe, M. (2007).The Good research guide for small-scale social research projects. England: McGraw-Hill Education, Open University Press.
Erica B, George F, Gabor B. Khat-a controversial plant. Wien Klin Wochenschrift the Middle European J Med. 2009:121:604–14.
Feyissa, A.M., Kelly, J.P. (2008). A Review of the Neuropharmacological Properties of Khat. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, pp. 1147–1166.
Fujiwara Koji, Kroll Jerome, Yusuf Ismail. (2010). Psycchoses, PTSD and depression in Somali Refugees in Minnesota. Soc Psychiat Epidemil.
Gashaw Garedew and Teshome Gensa. (2019). Impact of Chronic khat (Catha edulis Forsk) Chewing on Pulmonary Function Test and Oxygen Saturation in Humans. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 1-7.
Giannini AJ, Castellani S. A manic like psychosis dueto khat. J Clin Toxicol. 1982; 19:455–459.
Green, R. H. (1999). Review of African Political Economy, 26, 33-49.
House, C.C. (2001). Statistical Aspects of a Census: Conference on Agricultural and Environmental Statistical Applications. Rome, Italy.
Howell. (1972). On Reserach: Observation.
Javed, A, Sadaf, S., and Luqman, M. (2006). Rural Women's Participation in Crop and Livestock Production Activities m Faisalabad-Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural and Social Sciences, 3, pp. 150-154. Retrieved from http://www.fspublishers.org
Kandari L, Hiranmai Y, Ashok T & Tripti K. (2014). Chat (Catha edulis): A socio-economic crop in Harar Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Licensee Springer.
Kebede Y: Cigarette smoking and Khat chewing among college students in North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Day 2002, 16(1):9–17.
Kroll J, Yusuf AI, Fujiwara K: Psychoses, PTSD, and depression in Somali refugees in Minnesota. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011, 46:481–493.
Mekasha, A. (1983). Clinical aspects of khat (Catha edulis forsk). International Symposium on Khat, (pp. 77-83).
Mekonnen G. (2006). Prevelance of Khat Induced Pschotic Reaction among College Students in Jimma University College of Agriculture. Discourse Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences.
Michael, N. (2005). Socialism: Avery Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Michael O, Axel K, Nasir W. (2011). Khat use in Europe: implications for European policy. In Marie- Christine A, eds. Drugs in focus. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. United Kingdom.
Minilek Kefale, Tadesse Desalegn, Ahmed Yimam & Dawit Tsegaye. (2012). the status of member's participation in seed producer and marketing cooperatives in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Global Advanced Research Journals, 1(1), pp. 009-014. Retrieved From http://garj.org/garjb/index.htm.
Negeanwa. (2013). Impact of Khat Cultivation on Educational Performance among Upper Primary School. Nairobi: Kenyatta University.
Park A, Sher KJ, Krull JL. (2009). Selection and socialization of risky drinking during the college transition: the importance of micro-environments associated with specific living units. Psychol Addict Behav, pp. 404–414
Parshat Kumar (2013). Qualitative research design: A conceptual frame-work. International Journal of Social Science and Interdisciplinary Research, 2(1).
Patel. (2000). Mechanism of action of cathinone: the active ingredient of khat (Catha edulis). East Afr Med, pp.329–332.
Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage: CA: Sage.Rahama
Toennes SW, Kauert GF: Driving under the influence of khat–alkaloid concentrations and observations in forensic cases. Forensic Sci Int, 2004, 140:85–90.
Walls, M. (2009). The Emeregence of a Somali State: Building Peace from Civil War in Somaliland. Affrican Affairs, 371-359.
Wendy Sykes, N. C. (2010). Perceptions of the Social Harms Associated with Khat Use. Home Office. Crowen.
Wilkinson, S. (2004). Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice. London: Sage.
Yeshalem Mulugeta (2013). Khat Chewing and Its Associated Factor among College Students in Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia. Science Journal of Public Health, pp. 209-214.
Yeshigeta Gelaw, A. H.A. (2004). Khat chewing and its Socio-demographic Correlates among the Staff of Jimma University. Journal of Health Development, 18(3).
Yin. (2003). Applied Social Research Method Series. International educational and Professional Publisher: London.
Zahran, A. K.A. (2014). Qat farms in Yemen: Ecology, dangerous impacts. Egypt Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1-8.