Second-Wave Effects of Covid’19 Pandemic on Transportation Business: Keke-Napep and Motor-Cycle Transport Systems in Asaba Metropolis, Nigeria
Main Article Content
Abstract
Transnational, global trades, investments, travels amongst other drivers of globalization helped to reverberate the deadly coronavirus pandemic from Wuhan, China across the world like whirl fire. In order to contain the infectious spread of the pandemic and mitigate its negative effects on macro-economic variables, World Health Organization, WHO designed Covid-19 protocols that are being enforced by governments and people of the world. It is on this account that the study examined the Second wave effect of Covid’19 pandemic on transportation business: Keke-Napep and Motor-cycle transport systems in Asaba metropolis, Nigeria. The main objective is to determine empirically the real impact of the pandemic on rural land transport business. The study employed structured questionnaire and interview methods to generated data from the 250 respondents selected using census sampling technique. Out of the 250 sets of questionnaire administered, 235 (94%) were retrieved while 15 (6%) were rejected. The statistical tools used for analyzing data were correlation and multiple regression techniques. Findings were that covid’19 pandemic negatively affected rural land transport business. The study concludes that the coronavirus pandemic caused a contraction in transport business. It is therefore recommended that, there is need for government to relax the stringent covid’19 protocols to allow economic activities to resume again. Campaigns on safety and hygiene should be intensified so that the populace will imbibe the culture of general cleanliness and personal hygiene amongst others.
Article Details
Section
Articles
References
Adam-Prassl, A., Boneva, T., Golin,M., Rauh, C. (2020, April 23). Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock : evidence from real time surveys (text). https://www.inet.econ.cam.ac.uk/working-paper-pdfs/wp2018.pdf
Adesoji,O.F., Simplice, A.A. (2020). The economic consequence of the covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria. European Xtramile Centre of African Studies. EXCAS Working Paper, WP/20/042
Alex, A., , Todd, B., Stephen, M. (2020). Pricing in a pandemic : Navigating the covid-19 crisis. Mckingsey & Company
Baker, S.R., Farrokhnia, R.A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., Yannelis, C. (2020). How does household spending respond to an epidemic consumption during the 2020 covid-19 pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26949
Baldwin, R. (2020 , March 13). Keeping the lights on : economic medicine for a medical shock. VoxEU.Org.https://voxeu.org/article/how-should-we-think-about-containing-covid-19-economic-crisis
Bartos, V., Bauer, M., Cahlikova, J., Chytilola, J. (2020). Covid-19 crisis fuels hostility against foreigners. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3593411
Beland, L. P., Brodeur, A., Wright, T. (2020). The short term economic consequences of covid-19: exposure to diseases, remote work and government response. Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3584922
Bonadio, B., Huo, Z., Levcheenko, A.A., & Pandalai-Nayar, N. (2020). Global supply chains in the pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26952
Borjas, G.J., Cassidy, H. (2020). The adverse effect of the covid-19 labour market shock on immigrant employment. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27243
Brodeur, A., Gray., Islam, A., Bhuiyan, S.J. (2020). A literature review of the economics of covid-19. IZA Institute of Labor Economics, IZA DP NO. 13411
Carlsson-Szlezak, P. R. M., Swartz, P. (2020). Understanding the economic shock of coronavirus. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/03/understanding-the-econoic-shock-0f-coronavirus
Chatterji, P. Li, Y. (2020). Effects of the covid-19 pandemic on outpatient provide in the US. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27173
Cheng, C., Barcelo, J., Hartnett, A., Kubinec, R., Messerschmidt, L. (2020). CoronaNet : a dyadic dataset of government responses to the covid-19 pandemic. In SocArXiv (dKVcy;SocArXiv). Center for Open Science. https://ideas.respec.org/p/osf/socarx/dkvxy.htm/
Dingel, J.I., Neiman, B. (2020). How many jobs can be done at home ? National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26948
Ezeaku, H.C., Asongu, S. A. (2020). Covid-19 and cacophony of coughing: did international commodity price catch influenza? African Governance and Development Institute, Working paper No. 20/040, Yaounde
Fan, V.Y., Jamison, D.T., Summers, L.H. (2020). Pandemic risk : how large are the expected losses? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.199588
Ferguson, N., Laydon, D., Nedjati, G.G., Imai, N., Ainslie, K., Baguelin, M., Bhatia, S., Boonyasiri, A., Cucunuba, P.Z., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., Dighe, A., Dorigatti, I., Fu, H., Gaythorpe, K., Green, W., Hamlet, A., Hinsley, W., Okell, L., Van-Esland, S.,… Gbam, A.(2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce covid-19 mortality and health care demand. Imperial College , London. https://doi.org/10.25561/77482
Gourinchas, P.O. (2020). Flattening the pandemic and recession curves, Mitigating the covid economic crisis: act fast and do whatever. https://viet-studies.net/kinhte/COVIDEconomicCrisis. pdfpage=38
Gupta, S., Montenovo, L., Nguyen, T.D., Rojas, F.L., Schmute,I.M., Simon,K.I., Weinberg, B.A., Wing, c. (2020). Effects of social distancing policing on labor market outcomes. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27127
International Monetary Fund. (2020a, April). World economic outlook, April 2020 : the great lockdown. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020
International Monetary Fund. (2020b, June). World economic outlook update , June 2020 : a crisis like no other, an uncertain recovery. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/WEO/Issues/2020/06/24/WEOupdateJune2020
Jonas, O.B. (2013). Pandemic risk (p.40) world development report 2014 on risk and opportunity: managing risks for development. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/16343/WDR14-bp-Pandemic-Risk-Jonas-pdf?sequence=1&is Allowed=Y
Jones, C. J., Philippon, T., Venkateswaran, V. (2020). Optimal mitigation policies in a pandemic : social distancing and working from home. National Bureau of Economic Research . https://doi.org/10.3386/w26984
Kahn, L.B., Lange, F., Wiczer, D .G. (2020). Labor demand in the time of covid-19 : evidence from vacancy postings and UI claims. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27061
Ludvigson, S.C., Ma, S., Ng, S. (2020). Covid-19 and the macroeconomic effects of costly disasters. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26987
Madhav, N., Oppenheim, B., Gallivan, M., Mulembakami, P., Rubin, E., Wolfe, N. (2017). Pandemic : risks, impacts and mitigation. In D.T. Jamison, H., Gelband, S., Horton,P., Jha, R., Laxminarayan, C. N., Mock, & Nugent, R. (ed.). Diseases control priorities : improving health and reducing poverty (3rd ed.). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ the World Bank. http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/
Mulligan, C. B.(2020). Economic activity and the value of medical innovations during a pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi. Org/10.3386/w26987
Nigeria Center for Disease Control (2021). Covid-19 Nigeria. https://www.covid-19-ncdc.ng
Price, G. & vanHolm, E.J. (2020). The effect of social distancing on the spread of novel coronavirus : estimates from linked State-level infection and American time use survey data. Urban Entrepreneurship and Policy Institute, University of New Orleans
Qui, Y., Chen, X., Shi, W. (2020). Impact of social and economic factors on the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) in China (Working paper 494). GLO Discussion paper. https://www.econstor.eu./hanndle/10419/215739
Robinson , W.T.(2007). Theories of globalization. London , Verso.
Rojas, F. L., Jing, X., Montenovo, L., Simon, K. L., Weinberg, B.A., Wing,C.(2020). Is the cure worse than the problem itself? Immediate labour market effects of covid -19 case rate and school closures in the US. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27127
Salami, C.G. E., Edih, U.O., Faghawari, N.D.(2021). Exploring measures for reopening educational institutions during covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Computers and Mathematics Education (in press)
Soludo, C. (2020). Can Africa afford covid-19 lockdown? http://www.proshareng.com>new>can-Africa-Afford-covid-19-lockdown/
Warwick, M., Roshen, F. (2020). The global macroeconomicimpacts of covid-19: Seven scenarios.
World Economic Forum. (2020, March). A visual history of pandemics. World economic forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/a-visual-history -of- pandemics/
World Health Organization Report. (2021). Current covid-19 figures.www.worldometer.info
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., Tan, W., China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382 980, 727-733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NETJM2001017
Adesoji,O.F., Simplice, A.A. (2020). The economic consequence of the covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria. European Xtramile Centre of African Studies. EXCAS Working Paper, WP/20/042
Alex, A., , Todd, B., Stephen, M. (2020). Pricing in a pandemic : Navigating the covid-19 crisis. Mckingsey & Company
Baker, S.R., Farrokhnia, R.A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., Yannelis, C. (2020). How does household spending respond to an epidemic consumption during the 2020 covid-19 pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26949
Baldwin, R. (2020 , March 13). Keeping the lights on : economic medicine for a medical shock. VoxEU.Org.https://voxeu.org/article/how-should-we-think-about-containing-covid-19-economic-crisis
Bartos, V., Bauer, M., Cahlikova, J., Chytilola, J. (2020). Covid-19 crisis fuels hostility against foreigners. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3593411
Beland, L. P., Brodeur, A., Wright, T. (2020). The short term economic consequences of covid-19: exposure to diseases, remote work and government response. Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3584922
Bonadio, B., Huo, Z., Levcheenko, A.A., & Pandalai-Nayar, N. (2020). Global supply chains in the pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26952
Borjas, G.J., Cassidy, H. (2020). The adverse effect of the covid-19 labour market shock on immigrant employment. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27243
Brodeur, A., Gray., Islam, A., Bhuiyan, S.J. (2020). A literature review of the economics of covid-19. IZA Institute of Labor Economics, IZA DP NO. 13411
Carlsson-Szlezak, P. R. M., Swartz, P. (2020). Understanding the economic shock of coronavirus. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/03/understanding-the-econoic-shock-0f-coronavirus
Chatterji, P. Li, Y. (2020). Effects of the covid-19 pandemic on outpatient provide in the US. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27173
Cheng, C., Barcelo, J., Hartnett, A., Kubinec, R., Messerschmidt, L. (2020). CoronaNet : a dyadic dataset of government responses to the covid-19 pandemic. In SocArXiv (dKVcy;SocArXiv). Center for Open Science. https://ideas.respec.org/p/osf/socarx/dkvxy.htm/
Dingel, J.I., Neiman, B. (2020). How many jobs can be done at home ? National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26948
Ezeaku, H.C., Asongu, S. A. (2020). Covid-19 and cacophony of coughing: did international commodity price catch influenza? African Governance and Development Institute, Working paper No. 20/040, Yaounde
Fan, V.Y., Jamison, D.T., Summers, L.H. (2020). Pandemic risk : how large are the expected losses? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.199588
Ferguson, N., Laydon, D., Nedjati, G.G., Imai, N., Ainslie, K., Baguelin, M., Bhatia, S., Boonyasiri, A., Cucunuba, P.Z., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., Dighe, A., Dorigatti, I., Fu, H., Gaythorpe, K., Green, W., Hamlet, A., Hinsley, W., Okell, L., Van-Esland, S.,… Gbam, A.(2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce covid-19 mortality and health care demand. Imperial College , London. https://doi.org/10.25561/77482
Gourinchas, P.O. (2020). Flattening the pandemic and recession curves, Mitigating the covid economic crisis: act fast and do whatever. https://viet-studies.net/kinhte/COVIDEconomicCrisis. pdfpage=38
Gupta, S., Montenovo, L., Nguyen, T.D., Rojas, F.L., Schmute,I.M., Simon,K.I., Weinberg, B.A., Wing, c. (2020). Effects of social distancing policing on labor market outcomes. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27127
International Monetary Fund. (2020a, April). World economic outlook, April 2020 : the great lockdown. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020
International Monetary Fund. (2020b, June). World economic outlook update , June 2020 : a crisis like no other, an uncertain recovery. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/WEO/Issues/2020/06/24/WEOupdateJune2020
Jonas, O.B. (2013). Pandemic risk (p.40) world development report 2014 on risk and opportunity: managing risks for development. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/16343/WDR14-bp-Pandemic-Risk-Jonas-pdf?sequence=1&is Allowed=Y
Jones, C. J., Philippon, T., Venkateswaran, V. (2020). Optimal mitigation policies in a pandemic : social distancing and working from home. National Bureau of Economic Research . https://doi.org/10.3386/w26984
Kahn, L.B., Lange, F., Wiczer, D .G. (2020). Labor demand in the time of covid-19 : evidence from vacancy postings and UI claims. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27061
Ludvigson, S.C., Ma, S., Ng, S. (2020). Covid-19 and the macroeconomic effects of costly disasters. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26987
Madhav, N., Oppenheim, B., Gallivan, M., Mulembakami, P., Rubin, E., Wolfe, N. (2017). Pandemic : risks, impacts and mitigation. In D.T. Jamison, H., Gelband, S., Horton,P., Jha, R., Laxminarayan, C. N., Mock, & Nugent, R. (ed.). Diseases control priorities : improving health and reducing poverty (3rd ed.). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ the World Bank. http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/
Mulligan, C. B.(2020). Economic activity and the value of medical innovations during a pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi. Org/10.3386/w26987
Nigeria Center for Disease Control (2021). Covid-19 Nigeria. https://www.covid-19-ncdc.ng
Price, G. & vanHolm, E.J. (2020). The effect of social distancing on the spread of novel coronavirus : estimates from linked State-level infection and American time use survey data. Urban Entrepreneurship and Policy Institute, University of New Orleans
Qui, Y., Chen, X., Shi, W. (2020). Impact of social and economic factors on the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) in China (Working paper 494). GLO Discussion paper. https://www.econstor.eu./hanndle/10419/215739
Robinson , W.T.(2007). Theories of globalization. London , Verso.
Rojas, F. L., Jing, X., Montenovo, L., Simon, K. L., Weinberg, B.A., Wing,C.(2020). Is the cure worse than the problem itself? Immediate labour market effects of covid -19 case rate and school closures in the US. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27127
Salami, C.G. E., Edih, U.O., Faghawari, N.D.(2021). Exploring measures for reopening educational institutions during covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Computers and Mathematics Education (in press)
Soludo, C. (2020). Can Africa afford covid-19 lockdown? http://www.proshareng.com>new>can-Africa-Afford-covid-19-lockdown/
Warwick, M., Roshen, F. (2020). The global macroeconomicimpacts of covid-19: Seven scenarios.
World Economic Forum. (2020, March). A visual history of pandemics. World economic forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/a-visual-history -of- pandemics/
World Health Organization Report. (2021). Current covid-19 figures.www.worldometer.info
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., Tan, W., China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382 980, 727-733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NETJM2001017