Analysis of Perlocutional Speech Acts on Whatsapp Chat

: Whatsapp is an internet-based application that has the potential to be used as a medium of communication. The use of WhatsApp itself is simple and does not require a password and is directly connected to contacts and on time to send messages. This analysis aims to describe perlocutionary speech acts contained in whatsapp chat. The data source in this analysis is the man's whatsapp chat. In this analysis, the data were analyzed using perlocutionary speech acts, namely speech acts that refer to the effects that speakers have by saying something, such as making them feel confident, happy and motivated. According to Searle in Chaer (2010: 29-30) types of speech in pragmatics are divided into five namely representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declaration grouping speech acts into five types, namely representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declaration speech acts. From the results of the analysis of the twenty data that has been collected, there are 6 data included in the three perlocutionary speech acts, namely 1 directive perlocutionary speech act data (supplication), 2 directive perlocutionary speech act data (confirming), 1 perlocutionary speech act data directive (instructions), 1 data of assertive perlocutionary speech acts (suggesting) and 1 data of expressive perlocutionary acts (quipping).


I. Introduction
Humans use language to give and receive information through various media that are direct or indirect in the form of audio and visual.The intent and purpose of communicating in speech events is embodied in a sentence.Sentences uttered by a speaker can be known what the speaker/speaker wants so that it can be understood by the speech partner.
Speech acts are a form of action or an activity carried out by humans through speech organs.If we understand that speech is also related to abstract static entities, it can be in the form of sentences (syntax), as well as propositions (semantics), while pragmatics is related to verbal actions contained in certain situations and times.Thus pragmatics deals with language at a more concrete level than grammar (Leech, 2011:20).
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that is increasingly being recognized today, although about two decades ago this science was rarely or almost never mentioned by linguists.This is based on the increasing awareness of linguists that efforts to uncover the nature of language will not bring about the expected results without realizing the understanding of pragmatics, namely how language is in communication (Leech in Wijana, 2009: 6) Tarigan (1986) explains that the notion of pragmatics is studying special utterances in special situations and especially focusing attention on the various ways that are containers for various contexts of language performance.Pragmatics examines the influence of the www.biarjournal.com/index.php/linglitphenomenon of speech supramancy, dialect, and register and views the performance of the first utterance as a social activity governed by various social varieties.
According to Tarigan (1987) speech acts are divided into three, namely the first locutionary act is taking action to express something.Second, the illocutionary act is taking an action in saying something.Third, perlocutionary act is doing something by stating something.Based on the understanding, the speech acts are related to one another.According to Searle (in Wijana and Rohmadi, 2009:21) perlocutionary act is a speech uttered by someone who often has perlocutionary force or effect on those who hear it.This action is called The Act of Affecting Somerthing.Rustono (1999: 38) states that perlocutionary speech act is a speech act whose utterance is intended to influence the speech partner.In researching perlocutionary speech acts, you can use many media, one of which is through WhatsApp to communicate and exchange information, communication via WhatsApp can be accessed or obtained quickly through a device.Unlike a postal letter that has to wait a few days to be delivered.The things that affect more when reading a whatsapp chat, namely the person who is talking or the speaker.
Eka Nur Insani and Atiqa Sabardila (2016) in their research journal entitled "Teacher Perlocutionary Speech Acts in Class XI Indonesian Language Learning at SMK Negeri 1 Sawit Boyolali" describes teacher perlocutionary speech acts in Indonesian Language learning Class XI at SMK Negeri 1 Sawit Boyolali, Research techniques The technique used is in the form of proficient free listening techniques, note-taking techniques, and recording techniques.The findings show that there are four types of perlocutionary speech acts, namely directive perlocutionary speech acts, expressive perlocutionary acts, representative perlocutionary acts, and commissive perlocutionary acts.The results of the analysis show that the functions of perlocutionary speech acts found in teachers in learning Indonesian are the competitive function and the fun function.
Ita puspitasari (2012) in her journal entitled "Perlocutionary Speech Acts in the Conversations of the Opera Van Java Characters in Trans7" describes the types of perlocutionary speech acts in the conversations of the Opera Van Java characters in Trans7.The results found in his research The effect of perlocutionary acts of Opera Van Java in Trans 7 on the audience is positive, negative, and psychological.Speeches that can have a positive effect are 3 data, while those that can have a negative effect on the audience are 1 data.The psychological influences are educational psychology and social psychology.R. KunjanaRahardi (2020) in his journal entitled "Covid-19 Hoax Perlocutionary: Cyberpragmatics Perspective" describes the Covid-19 hoax perlocutionary on social media.This research resulted in the following findings of perlocutionary hoaxes about Covid-19: (1) thickening sentiment; (2) fostering wrong perceptions; (3) satirize authority; (4) growing uproar; (5) spread fear; (7) raises concerns; and (8) growing whispers.
Based on the three research journals, there are similarities and differences that were carried out.The similarity of the three journals is that they both use perlocutionary speech acts which have an effect on the interlocutor.And there are differences from the three research journals, namely media and data sources, some use television shows, social media and some go directly to school.The purpose of this research is to analyze the form of perlocutionary speech acts in whatsapp chat.So as to benefit pragmatics so that it becomes wider and more developed and increases the knowledge of WhatsApp users about the effects of perlocution on WhatsApp chat itself.

II. Review of Literature
According to Rustono in Hasibuan (2022:12) speech act is a central entity in pragmatics.Entity meaning something that has a unique and distinct existence.Countless speech acts and categorized into five types, namely representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declaration.In relation to this speech act, Searle (via Wijana, 1996:17) suggests that pragmatically there are at least three forms of language action that can be realized by a speaker, namely locutionary acts, illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts.
According to Yule (2006: 92) the classification system is divided into several groups including: (1) Declarations, which are types of speech acts that change the world through utterances.Next is (2) Representative, which is a type of speech act that states what the case speaker believes or not.Next again is (3) Expressive, namely the type of speech act that expresses something that the speaker feels.These speech acts reflect psychological statements and can be in the form of statements of joy, difficulty, liking, hatred, pleasure, and misery.Furthermore, (4) directive speech acts, the types of speech acts used by speakers to order others to do something.This type of speech act states what the speaker wants.These speech acts include: orders, orders, requests, and giving suggestions.Final, speech act (5) Commissive, namely the type of speech act understood by the speaker to commit himself to actions in the future.This speech act states what the speaker means.These speech acts can be in the form of: promises, threats, and rejection of pledges.
According to Searle in Chaer (2010: 29-30), the types of speech in pragmatics are divided into five, namely representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declaration.Representative is a speech act that binds the speaker to justify the speaker's utterance.Directive, namely speech uttered by the speaker with the intention that the interlocutor performs an action according to the wishes of the speaker.Expressive speech acts are also known as evaluative speech acts.Expressive speech acts are speech acts intended by speakers so that their utterances are interpreted as an evaluation of the things mentioned in the utterance.Commissive is a speech act that binds the speaker to do what is said in his speech.

III. Research Method
This research is a qualitative research using descriptive analysis method.The data in this study is that Whatsapp is an internet-based application that has the potential to be used as a communication medium.The use of WhatsApp itself is simple and does not require a password and is directly connected to contacts and on time to send messages.This analysis aims to describe perlocutionary speech acts contained in whatsapp chat.The data source in this analysis is private whatsapp chat.Data collection techniques using document studies by analyzing Leech put forward the principle of politeness.The politeness principle consists of 6 maxims.The six maxims are the maxim of wisdom (Tact), the maxim of acceptance (Generosity), the maxim of generosity (Approbation), the maxim of modesty (Modesty), agreement maxim (Agreement), and sympathy maxim (Symphaty), but in practice the attitude of language used by humans is often ignored and reaps negative results in a communication.The data analysis technique uses five steps, namely re-reading carefully, collecting text data transcribed from news on the Kompas TV YouTube channel and describing the findings of researchers in the novel and concluding the results of the research.

IV. Result and Discussion
Based on the results of the analysis of the twenty data collected, there are 6 data included in the three perlocutionary speech acts, namely 1 directive perlocutionary speech act data (supplication), 2 directive perlocutionary speech act data (confirming), 1 perlocutionary speech act data directive (instructions), 1 data of assertive perlocutionary speech acts (suggesting) and 1 data of expressive perlocutionary acts (quipping).From the data obtained, it can be seen from the data analysis; the researcher got some of the contents of the WhatsApp chat on his own account."This message was deleted" "permission zak" "permission ok" "permission" "Biring y we permission, please" Data source: screenshot on the researcher's WhatsApp chat (28 December 2022) at 06:59 On chatsthe whatsapp shows eka 2 umsu saying declarative perlocutionary speech as evidenced by a request to group members to inform information to one of the lecturers regarding the class situation later because some students are not in class, with the sentence "we ask for help whose name" joins the discussion Today.Those who enter the class, please allow it, thank you ".

Types of directive perlocutionary speech acts
The effect that the speaker has on his speech is that Zakaria, one of the group members (speech partners) agrees and requests one person to convey information to the course lecturer regarding the whereabouts of the students.

Types of directive/confirming perlocutionary speech acts
A. The whatsapp chat shows the type of declarative perlocutionary speech acts clearly visible when Lia Umsu tells her story "Weeee, just now Mr. Amnur called me, sir, you don't have permission to enter today, sir, you are sick again.So today's presentation was postponed to next week.Next week, the 2 groups will perform directly" this is a declarative confirmation B. The effect felt by other group members (speech partners) is that there are 2 people who respond to "wokehh" this means that there is a feeling of approval of the information being said and 1 person responds with "just ready to take a shower""Two sad emojis can be seen depicting a bit of disappointment from a member of the group named Dwi Yamigo because Dwi has finished taking a shower and wants to get ready for college at the appointed time as usual.Next week there will be 2 groups performing live" "help" "wokehh" "wokeh" "Just ready to shower" Data source: screenshot on the researcher's WhatsApp chat (29 December 2022) at 06:25

Types of directive (confirming) and expressive perlocutionary speech acts
In the screenshot above, the directive perlocutionary act of confirming and ordering / ordering is clearly visible when the speaker is Saras "" assalamualaikum for the information that I have conveyed earlier I apologize for not being able to gather today because I just conveyed to buk mutia that the simulation is in cancel.And it will be held on Tuesday at 08.30 suday ready on campus.Thank you" the speaker apologized because there were already members of the group who were present in the simulation, but received cancel/failed information.And the speaker gave more information about the day that was set to gather again to the group members to be ready for campus.
The effect of this speech when Saras apologized and gave additional information was that one member of the group responded "ok saras" which means accepting forgiveness and agreeing to be present on Tuesday.Then when Saras said again "it is hoped that all of you will be present on Tuesday, don't make our lecturers disappointed again" the speech he delivered was included in expressive speech acts because there was an allusive sentence "don't make our lecturers disappointed again" as evaluation material from the day that was canceled .The effect on the speech partner is that one member of the group named Putra agreed to what was said by Saras to be present at the appointed time.The effect of these words affects and fosters a sense of obligation towards all group members to be present on Tuesday at 08.30."Where did it go?" "Vi has been notified?"yo effect" "yo" "hurry up my love my love" Data source: screenshot on the researcher's whatsapp chat (31 December 2022) at 19:39

Directive perlocutionary speech acts (instructions)
In the screenshot above, the directive perlocutionary speech act of instruction is proven when the speech partner, namely tia asks for a place, novi instructs "effect" and "orders to come quickly".
The effect of the Novi speech on the speech partners is that they obey what is instructed and immediately rush to go to the effect.

Assertive perlocutionary speech act (suggesting)
Table 5.The data was taken from the contents of the researcher's whatsapp chat

Name of speaker/partner
Chat content Mega Tia Mega Tia Mega Tia Mega "Yek" "Have you eaten okay?" "Not yet meg why that?" "We'll eat on the train later, OK?" "ok megg" "yes uda kestation" "this is ptw" "o" "Where are you Megan" "on this street" "I am here" Data source: screenshot on the researcher's WhatsApp chat (30 December 2022) at 08:53 On dataThe 5th is an assertive perlocutionary speech act which suggests that it can be seen when Mega says the question "yes, have you eaten yet?" to ask whether Tia has eaten or not, when Tia answers Mega's speech with the sentence "I haven't, why is that?"Mega suggested eating while on the train by saying "We'll just eat on the train later, OK?" The perlocutionary effect of the speech conveyed by the speaker makes the speech partner follow and act in agreement to eat together on the train, so that the speech partner does not buy food outside.

V. Conclusion
Based on the results of the analysis above, it can be concluded that from the data obtained in the whatsapp chat, perlocutionary speech acts are found which are divided into 3 directive perlocutionary speech acts, one request, two confirm, one instruction.Meanwhile, 1 assertive speech act suggests and 1 expressive speech act.

Table 1 .
Data on the researcher's whatsapp chat

Table 2 .
The data was obtained from the researcher's WhatsApp chat

Table 3 .
The data was obtained from the researcher's whatsapp chat Screenshot

result Name of speaker/partner Chat content
Data source: screenshot on the researcher's WhatsApp chat (17 December 2022) at 14:08

Table 4 .
The data was obtained from the researcher's