Deixis Analysis in the Novel “Kala” Works of Syahid Muhammad and Stefani Bella: Pragmatic Study

: Deixis is the study of speech acts produced by speakers either directly or in writing. Language as a communication tool is a form of communication in the form of words or expressions that function as pointers or deixis. This study aims to describe the use of deixis in the novel Kala by Syahid Muhammad and Stefani Bella. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. The data of this research is the content of the text of the novel Kala which contains deixis. The source of the research data is the novel Kala which is divided into five types, namely (1) persona deixis, (2) place deixis, (3) time deixis, (4) discourse deixis, and (5) social deixis. Data collection techniques using document studies. The data analysis technique uses five steps, namely re-reading carefully, collecting data from the contents of the novel, underlining the contents of the story related to deixis elements, describing the findings of researchers in the novel and concluding the results of the research. The results of the analysis of the research data found that there were 8,550 deixis, namely 2,593 persona deixis which were divided into 324 first persona deixis, 430 second persona deixis, 230 third persona deixis, 89 first singular persona deixis, 76 first persona deixis fruit, second person singular deixis 267, second person plural deixis 121, third person singular deixis 143, third person plural deixis 92. There are 682 place deixis. There are 555 time deixis, 16 discourse deixis, and 240 social deixis.


I. Introduction
Communication using polite speech is an ethic that must be maintained.The Indonesian nation is a vast country and has a very high level of politeness.All tribes and cultures in Indonesia uphold politeness.Politeness can be in the form of speech or behavior or attitude of a person.The level of politeness of the Indonesian people is quite recognized by foreign tourists when they visit or travel in Indonesia.There are many problems in conversation in society, however, this kind of obstacle often occurs due to the limited ability of speakers with interlocutors.However, the basic concept of communication does not become a serious communication problem as long as speakers and hearers can understand each other's utterances due to the differences in the two languages.
Deixis is one of the most frequently studied discussions of pragmatics.According to Yule (2014: 4) pragmatics is the study of meaning conveyed by a speaker or speech partner and interpreted by listeners or readers.The science of pragmatics that examines more deeply the phenomena of the use of deixis in real life or literary works such as novels, short stories, drama texts and others.The deixis of a word is studied identity whose reference always changes with the context of its use.Bambang Kaswanti Purwo (1984:1) says that deixis is a word that does not have a fixed referent, depending on who is the speaker and depending on when and where the word is said.Rahardi (2019: the rules of designation, whether indicating time, place, person, the determinant of which is the context.Deixis creates order and effectiveness in language so that the meaning to be conveyed is clear and not ambiguous and does not cause confusion misinterpretation of the reader. According to Yule (2006) there are five types of deixis that are commonly encountered, namely: (1) persona deixis, (2) place deixis, (3) time deixis, (4) discourse deixis, (5) social deixis.
Persona deixis is grouped into three categories, namely the first persona category is the speaker's reference to himself, the second persona is the speaker's reference to the interlocutor or a group of speech partners, the third persona is the speaker's reference to people or objects that are not included in speech or utterances.Deixis of place, namely the location that is clearly illustrated by the speakers in the speech event.Time deixis is a reference to the time span relative to the speaker's speech with time.Discourse deixis is related to the parts of discourse where the utterances are placed.Social deixis is a reference to distinguish socially specifically against speech partners or aspects of the relationship between speakers and speakers.Renkema (1993: The speech is directed from the first person (I, I) to the listener, the second person (you, you, you, you) and the person the speaker is talking about is the third person (he, he, he, they).Giergji (2015: 137) explains that spatial deixis describes the place being discussed is relative.The use of deixis in everyday life both in spoken and written forms.One form of writing or non-factual in which there is deixis is the novel.Novel is a story in the form of fictional prose with a certain length or range in which it describes characters, movements and real scenes that tell a plot or situation that is somewhat chaotic or tangled.The novel also has the characteristics of having characters, telling more than one impression, present more than one effect and present more than one emotion.(Tarigan, 1991: 164 -165).
One of the very interesting novels to study the use of deixis is the novel Kala which was published in 2017 by Syahid Muhammad & Stefani Bella.This novel became one of the novels with the Best Seller predicate and has been read by 4 million readers and has penetrated the tenth printing.This novel tells about the love affair of two lovers.Saka is a man who has a hobby of photography and works as a freelancer, Saka, who at first was not easy to open up to other people, now becomes more open after meeting Lara.Lara is a woman who has a hobby of writing and also works at a publishing company.Her bitter experience was cured after meeting Saka for the first time.After they decide to be together, it turns out that maintaining their relationship is not easy.Until they choose to separate for fear of hurting each other.However, pieces of beautiful memories recorded in their memory often appear, making them have to re-establish a relationship.The novel is presented plot after plot which is very interesting and has two narrator's perspectives, this is what distinguishes it from other novels.Based on these assumptions, the researcher aims to analyze the use of deixis in the novel kala because it considers the novel This contains the phenomenon of deixis in speech act events which are considered worthy of being the object of research study.
Research conducted by Yeti Matianingrum (2012) entitled Deiksis Persona in Esmiet's Tunggak-Tunggak Jati Novel, a Pragmatic Study results in the deixis role of the first person as the speaker, the second person as the interlocutor, and the third person as what is being discussed.While research by Lila Dwi Tri Rahmawati resulted in the types and forms of personal, locational and temporal deixis.Then identify the deixis word class persona, locational and temporal as well as describing the function of persona deixis.

II. Research Method
This research is a qualitative research using descriptive analysis method.The data in this study is the text of the novel Kala which contains deixis.The data source in this research is the novel Kala.The researcher wants to analyze the use of deixis in the novel Kala.The data collection technique used document study by analyzing five types of deixis that were analyzed, namely: (1) persona deixis, (2) place deixis, (3) time deixis, (4) discourse deixis, (5) social deixis.The data analysis technique uses five steps, namely re-reading carefully, collecting data from the contents of the novel, underlining the contents of the story related to deixis elements, describing the findings of the researchers in the novel and concluding the results of the research.

III. Result and Discussion
Persona deixis can be categorized into three types according to the speakers or pronouns (pronouns).First person pronouns (Persona I) as an example: say I, I for the first person singular, and we say, we for the first person plural.The second person pronoun (Persona II) as an example: you, you, you for the second person singular, and you, all of you for the second person plural.Finally, third person pronouns (Persona III) as an example: he, he, he for the third person singular, and they for the third person plural.The following is the persona deixis found in the novel Kala

Persona Deixis
The following is a recapitulation of the findings of persona deixis in the table below: Persona deixis can be categorized into three types according to the speakers or pronouns (pronouns).First person pronouns (Persona I) as an example: say I, I for the first person singular, and we say, we for the first person plural.The second person pronoun (Persona II) as an example: you, you, you for the second person singular, and you, all of you for the second person plural.Finally, third person pronouns (Persona III) as an example: he, he, he for the third person singular, and they for the third person plural.The following is the persona deixis found in the novel Kala: a. Persona Deixis I "I am Saka, who lives to continue to be bumped by things that shake me.Like faith, all demons conspire to disguise themselves in tempting egos."(SM & SB.2017:13 ) The word Aku here refers to the speaker himself named Saka who tells of his life which continues to be bumped by problems that shake him.The word I above has the first person singular category.
"We as people who are known to be good at playing characters were asked to choose two pictures Which freely interpreted."(SM & SB.2017:38 ) "The contents of our heads fly around aimlessly when we're looking around."(SM & SB.2017: 67).
The word we in the snippet of the story above refers to the previous discussion where the word we refers to the writing community.Our word above has a first person plural category.The word we in the snippet of the story above refers to the conversation between Saka and Lara who are at the cafe where they like.The word we above is an example of a first person plural pronoun.

b. Persona Deixis II
"You're stupid, Sasuke!You're letting yourself down again."(SM & SB.2017: 56) "Your writings at the exhibition were good because."(SM & SB.2017:219)You said in the dialogue above referring to the person Lara is talking to, namely Saka.You are here the second person singular pronoun.The word you in the dialogue above refers to the person the main speaker (Saka) is talking to with his friends who are members of the writing community.The word you is a category of second person plural deixis.

c. Persona Deixis III
"What exactly does he mean by perpetuating moments like that, even making them objects to complete the story?"(SM & SB.2017: 42) "From the beginning of joining until now, all they know is that I am a person who doesn't talk much."(SM & SB.2017:40)The word above refers to the person the speaker is talking about, namely Saka.Lata is talking about Saka's portrait which makes her confused to complete the story of the portrait.The word Dia above is the third person singular pronoun.The word they refers to the person who is the object of conversation by the speaker and the interlocutor.They say in the snippet of text above they are members of the Lara writing community.The word they is a third person plural pronoun.

Deixis of Place (Space)
In an example of locative place deixis as follows: "The head of my community finally explained the purpose and purpose of our being here."(SM & SB.2017:41 ) The word expression here means that the location stated in the conversation above refers to the closest position where Lara is speaking.The word here refers to.In the example of past tense deixis: since.Time deixis: one year ago, a book cafe in the South Jakarta area, they got together to share photos and write an essay on them.The word here in the conversation above is part of locative place deixis.
In the example of demonstrative place deixis, "Fortunately coffee shopIt has a very large space capacity." (SM & SB.2017:44)This word expression means that the location stated in the conversation above refers to the position Saka is speaking or doing the utterance.This word refers to the coffee shop where they gather to decorate the room.This word in the conversation above is part of the demonstrative place deixis.

Time Deixis Analysis
The following is a recapitulation of the findings of time deixis in the table below: The word one year ago in the text above refers to the past tense.Exactly one year ago, Lara joined a writing community to meet new people and relieve her feelings of depression.One year ago is the past tense.
"Actually, yesterday I wanted to ban Saka from traveling to Jogja in the midst of a mountain of deadlines."(BC &SB. 2017:146) The word yesterday in the text above refers to the past tense.Lara told that yesterday she forbade Saka to go to Jogja because Saka had a lot of work to finish.Yesterday is a past tense pronoun.

Current Time Deixis
"Right today I got the news that the community where I belong shelter will be collaborating with the photography community."(SM & SB.2017:38)The word today in the novel fragment above refers to the present tense.Kata today is the day that the Lara community will meet with the photography community to help with an exhibition organized by the photography community at a coffee shop in the city of Bandung.The word Today is a deixis of the present time.
"Until now, I am twenty-five years old, I have experienced a constant feeling of loss."(SM&SB.2017:28 ) The present word in the novel excerpt above refers to the present tense.The word now is a time when Lara feels the loss that she constantly feels.Present tense is a time deixis for present pronouns.

Future Time Deixis
The word tomorrow in the storyline refers to the future tense.In the novel excerpt above, Saka explains that to go to Jakarta the next day because he has to talk to Lara.The word Tomorrow is a time deixis for the pronoun that will come.
"Tomorrow I will go to Jakarta, let's talk.Please!(SM & SB.2017:188) "Next Saturday, Lara will visit Bandung to attend a writing seminar."(SM&SB.2017:109 ) The word Saturday next week in the story above refers to the future tense.In the excerpt from the novel above, Saka explains that next Saturday, Lara will come to Bandung to attend a writing seminar.There is still a week left for them to meet.The word Saturday next week is a time deixis for the pronoun that will come.

Discourse Deixis Analysis
Discourse deixis are certain parts of a predetermined discourse.Discourse deixis relates to an utterance that refers to a certain part.
"My father became an active smoker when pregnancy my mom.It was his actions that eventually led to my brother developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia when he was 3 years old."(SM & SB.2017:198)The text above that word refers to the meaning which is the act of the father who is an active smoker and suffers from acute lymphoblastic leukemia.In this talk, readers will know that smoking and being an active smoker are very dangerous and harmful to others.

Social Deixis
Social deixis is an expression that shows a higher status when the speech act occurs.References to social deixis are stated based on the differences between speakers and listeners in the choice of words.
"Mass Lara, who Mas Saka told me about, was what Mas Saka met when there was an exhibition, now he lives in Jogja."(SM & SB.2017:285)The words Mbak and Mas in the story fragment above refer to social forms.In the novel excerpt above, Narni explains that the woman Saka talked about when he met at the exhibition was Lara, who now lives in Jogja.The words mbak and mas are social deixis because Narni speaks politely to people older than her, so she says the words mas and sis."This is the tasbih, Grandpa, it fell when Grandpa fell asleep."While taking the tasbih from under his chair.""Thank you, Dek." The words Grandpa and Dek in the story above refer to social forms.In the novel excerpt above, Lara explains that she helped an old man whose prayer beads fell under the train seat when he fell asleep, then the grandfather thanked Lara.The words grandfather and deck are social deixis because Lara speaks politely to her elders as well as her grandfather to her.

IV. Conclusion
Knowledge of deixis is very useful for novel readers because they can find out the meaning of a word based on the context of certain events or situations.Deixis is a rule that has a relationship between the meaning of a word and the context of the utterance it performs.The designations found are in the form of words that refer to persona (person) deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis.By studying the use of deixis in the novel Kala, readers can understand and differentiate the meanings of each word and the use of these meanings according to the context.Thus, the reader can conclude or make a good interpretation of a written text as intended by the author.Based on the results of deixis research in the novel Kala by Syahid Muhammad and Stefani Bella, the researcher found the types of deixis analyzed, namely persona deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis.In this novel, the researcher found 8,550 deixis, namely 2,593 persona deixis divided into 324 first person deixis, 430 second person deixis, 230 third person deixis, 89 first singular persona deixis, 76 plural first person deixis, 267 second person singular, 121 plural second person deixis, 143 third singular person deixis, 92 plural third person deixis.There are 682 place deixis.There are 555 time deixis, 16 discourse deixis, and 240 social deixis.

Table 1 .
Findings of Persona Deixis in the Novel Kala

Table 2 .
Findings of Time Deixis in the Novel Kala