Forensic Linguistic Analysis of Netizens' Hate Speech Acts in Tik-Tok Comment Section

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I. Introduction
The use of social media in the current era is growing very rapidly, such as whatsapp, facebook, twitter, youtube, instagram, telegram, tiktok, and others.Social media has now become a major revolution in communicating in the modern era today.The breadth of facilities for communicating through the internet network makes social media an open forum and free to talk between followers or followers both among children, teenagers and even the elderly.According to Mean Et Al (2018) & Arifianto (2019) explained that through social media later a person will be able to freely communicate with other people, whether in the form of status updates, comments, criticizing, saying harsh words, even insulting other people.One can easily participate, share and fill forums on their respective social media as well as social media as a public space that acts as a medium for discussing, exchanging ideas and communicating freely and exchanging ideas.
Information and communication technology is currently growing very rapidly, this is indicated by the presence of smartphones and internet networks in the midst of society.The use of social media such as Tiktok is currently in great demand, especially among youth.They prefer to use the application because it displays a lot of videos, and if we upload an interesting video, other people will very easily like it later, up to thousands or even millions of likes, on Tiktok it's very easy to get likes if the videos we upload are interesting and people others feel entertained, so that later the video will be called "fyp" and of course it will become a special attraction because it can get a lot of likes from netizens, even Tiktok can also be used for buying and selling such as on shoppe, lazada, tokopedia or online shopping which offers all kinds of goods such as clothes, food, kitchen tools and much more.This of course makes a major revolution in communication in today's modern era.The breadth of facilities for communicating through the internet network makes social media an open forum and free speech among its followers.Through social media, a person is free to communicate with other people, whether in the form of updates, status comments, criticizing, and even blaspheming other people.One can easily participate, share and fill their respective social media forums.
The high number of content users on social media makes it easier for people to communicate.Especially nowadays, Tiktok is one of the social media which has become a medium that is in great demand by the public, especially among teenagers to the elderly.In communication, of course, there must be a process of conveying thoughts or feelings by one person to another by using symbols that are meaningful to both parties, in certain situations, by using certain media to change the attitude or behavior of a person or a number of people so as to produce the desired effect.In essence, everyone is free to communicate and the process takes place in various contexts in the form of physical, psychological and social, because the communication process does not occur in an empty space.Therefore, communication as a means of life has several functions, namely as a means of control, motivation, information and as a means of expressing emotions.One means of communication on social media takes place openly.The characteristics of the existence of media that generate information on social media is what triggers the high tendency of people to carry out hate speech, such as the availability of comment facilities for readers in electronicbased media.This causes the relationship between writers and readers to be reciprocal, able, and easy to comment on each other.
Hate speech is very contrary to the concept of language politeness as an indicator of language intelligence, as well as ethics in communication.Ethics is an awareness and knowledge of good or bad behavior and actions committed by humans.Ethics can also be seen from the way netizens (users who are active on social media) comment.The consideration of the value of good and bad hate speech is the beginning of the disaster of social media abuse in this era.Currently there are many cases of hate speech that occur such as insults, defamation, blasphemy, provoking and even spreading fake news (hoaxes) on various social media applications, one of which is also on the social media Tiktok.This is because netizens are given personal freedom in exploring social media so that they are free to talk on social media without thinking about the consequences that occur and follow them, let alone hating is human nature.Social media has now become part of the phenomenal life of people in Indonesia.Almost everyone nowadays has social media.Various kinds of advantages and conveniences are offered to interact with everyone, both from a business perspective and even from various groups.The Ministry of Trade (in Ningrum et al., 2019) said that with the development of the use of the internet and increasingly advanced and rapid communication technology devices such as smartphones, this has become one of the drivers for the growth of new networking sites that offer online friendships and information.Social media is also often referred to as the backbone as a means of communication in today's digital era.
The emergence of social media is not only a means of connecting people easily and pleasantly, but also has an unpleasant impact and makes hate speech more easily spread.The problem of hate speech has probably never occurred to scientists and experts to create social media aimed at facilitating communication between people in various parts of the world.Lubis et al (2020) & Purbohastuti (2017) state that social media allows people to access all directions without communication boundaries.The condition of not meeting face to face, but sending messages quickly, then growing rapidly and even difficult to control.Conditions like this are widely used by irresponsible individuals to spread hate speech to attack other people for the sake of self or group satisfaction.
Social media, which should be useful for building freedom of opinion and democratic solidarity, has instead been used as a tool for spreading hate speech texts to sway public opinion, even attacking opponents who have different views and ideologies.Language is a tool for communication, both orally and in writing.The language spoken by someone contains values and norms in it.So in every utterance it is important for everyone to consider social values and norms.Sholihatin (2019) and Shaleh (2021) say that along with the development of information and communication technology, it has encouraged the emergence of cases of language crimes, for example incitement, defamation, threats, spreading hoaxes, bribes, conspiracies, perjury, defamation.both in the form of slander and insults that are of concern to the Indonesian nation.An upload or someone's status on social media can have a legal impact if another party feels aggrieved by the upload.This is the same as messages sent via social media which are considered to contain elements of language crimes which can also be subject to lawsuits.Hate speech is nothing new, but it existed in the media before the rapid development of technology as it is now.
In everyday life, someone must speak or communicate with the other person, both orally and in writing.Oral speech, is speech that occurs directly, face to face with the speech partner or is carried out by individuals while speaking, such as mumbling because of a specific purpose and purpose.Meanwhile, written speech is writing what he feels and thinks into written media, be it books or electronic media that provide written text features.One can write, read, and obtain any information by reading texts written by other people through online social media.Increasingly sophisticated electronic and communication technologies allow someone to speak or speak in front of a camera or video to write in electronic media.Based on the intent and purpose of someone speaking in front of a camera or video and writing it on electronic media so that it can be stored for personal gain or deliberately uploaded and shared with the public via online social media.It all depends on the individual or a person.Online social media is connected to cyberspace so that other people who don't know the uploader can see, read, and respond by commenting.
An utterance that contextually encourages hatred is a contemporary phenomenon that has often been found in traditional media texts for a long time and can easily be produced and circulated in new media that have a new history.Suryani (2021) states that a person's speech can be done both orally and in writing.If orally the speech occurs directly, face to face with the speech partner or is carried out by individuals when speaking alone, it is offensive for certain purposes and purposes.Whereas someone's speech which is done in writing is by writing down what is felt and thought about it into written media, be it books or electronic media that provide written text features.Meanwhile, according to Syarif (2020) hate speech is a communication activity carried out by individuals or groups to other individuals or groups in the form of compositions, incitement, or insults that cover various points of view, such as skin color, race, ethnicity, religion, and so on. .Then Koncavar (2013) also stated that hate speech is speech that encourages hatred, which can be described as something that is racist, religious discriminatory, xenophobic, homophobic, transphobic, heterosexual, ethnic nationalist, awareness of social status, awareness of economic status, and pressure according to with their disabilities and partly openly or covertly.
So hate speech is an act of language crime committed by broadcasting opinions to find followers and support so that someone hates another person or something that is being targeted.Someone who utters hate speech is caused by various factors, one of which is because the person has a different opinion and is not in favor of the person being attacked.Technological advances marked by the emergence of social media networking facilities in this digital era have made it easier for hatred to spread, because social media is an interactive public space.Binark (in Koncavar, 2013) adds that the number of racist sites has increased in the United States and Europe after the spread of the internet.This situation is not much different from what happened in Indonesia.Since the emergence of interactive public spaces such as social media, there have been many notifications regarding the emergence of language crimes in the form of hate speech.Currently, one of the social media that is most frequently used and very popular among Indonesians is Tiktok.
Through Tiktok, netizens can write anything to comment on the status or upload videos uploaded by users.The widespread use of Tiktok as a social media besides being able to provide entertainment and convenience for its users, Tiktok is also capable of causing problems.One of the results of the research found is that the result of the second narrative is hate speech which is widely used by Indonesian netizens in the negative comments column to issue various hate speech in the Tiktok account comments column, a celebrity is generally referred to as a hater.It has become commonplace for a public figure to have fans and haters who are never separated from his life.Haters are a term for a person or group that focuses on criticizing someone's life.According to Zitorus (in Hildawati, 2018) states that haters as social groups in cyberspace (Cyber space) are one of the negative impacts of the development of increasingly sophisticated information technology in this modern era and can have an impact on someone in the short term even to the long term .
However, this becomes dangerous when someone expresses hatred excessively and expresses hate on social media.This of course will have an impact on sources and speech partners, it can even have an impact on the law.Various utterances filled with hatred were made by netizens in Indonesia.For example, in the comments column for the Tiktok account named "Dhek'Meycha" when he uploaded a video of the late Vanessa telling Venny Rose the story of her past life.Analysis in this field is well suited to addressing such cases and explaining cases of language use and their relation to law.According to Olsson (in S, 2021) forensic linguistics is the relationship between language, crime, and law which includes law enforcement, legal issues, legislation, disputes, legal processes, even disputes which can include a number of legal rebuttals aimed at obtaining legal compliance.Crimes that are formed through language are crimes that can be studied using a linguistic point of view.Hate speech can be expressed through various media, including social media.Negative comments that corner someone on social media cannot actually be said to be hate speech.However, through the support of linguistic analysis, an utterance can be proven as hate speech with legal implications.
Language is a tool for communication, both orally and in writing.The language spoken by someone contains values and norms in it.So in every speech it is important for everyone to filter the language that will be used according to the situation, conditions, and consider social values and norms.An upload or someone's status on social media can have a legal impact if another party feels aggrieved by the upload.Likewise, messages sent via social media that are considered to contain elements of language crimes can also be subject to lawsuits according to the Articles of Law and can be subject to sanctions and even imprisonment.Everyone has the freedom to express their thoughts through various contexts, both physical, psychological and social, because the process the delivery of thoughts does not occur in an empty space.Robbins (2014: 310-311) reveals that all thoughts conveyed in the form of messages have a function as a means of control, motivation, information and emotional expression.Message senders and message recipients have the freedom to express their thoughts and feelings.In the context of sending and receiving messages face to face, a person can control himself emotionally to avoid conflict.In contrast to sending and receiving messages through online social media.Senders and receivers can hide their identities, so that they can emotionally express their thoughts and feelings without self-control.This can eventually lead to conflict.
The existence of social media is considered to make it easier for someone to convey their thoughts or feelings to others with writing that has a specific purpose.In certain situations, the use of social media can change a person's attitude or behavior and cause certain effects (Effendy, 2003:13).This of course needs to be the concern of every social media user, that messages conveyed through social media will have an impact or effect, namely in the form of comments from the public (netizens).The consequences of this will be different, there are good comments and there are also bad comments.Everyone who has an account on social media can convey their thoughts and feelings.Although they face the consequences, which others will read and comment on.However, not a few account owners ignore other risks, namely hurting other people with acts of hate speech such as insulting, speaking harshly or even hate speech to defame someone.
Similarly, hate speech is not something new, but existed in traditional media before the rapid development of technology like today.An utterance that promotes hatred conceptually is a contemporary phenomenon that has been frequently found in traditional media texts for a long time and can easily be produced and circulated in new media that have a new history.Hate Speech is a communication activity carried out by an individual or a group of individuals/other groups in the form of provocation, incitement, and insults covering various points of view, such as skin color, race, ethnicity, religion, and so on.In general, hate speech quickly spreads through social media, giving rise to unclear and erroneous information.(Hate speech is speech that encourages hatred, which can be described as something that is characterized by racism, social status, awareness of economic status, and discrimination based on their disability, etc., overtly or covertly.
Thus it can be concluded that hate speech is an act of language crime committed by broadcasting opinions to seek followers or support so that someone hates another person or something that is being targeted.Someone who commits hate speech is caused by various factors, one example is because that person has a different opinion and is not in favor of the party being attacked by the hate speech.Technological advances marked by the emergence of social media networking facilities in this digital era have made hate speech more easily spread, because social media is an interactive public space.Since the emergence of interactive public spaces such as social media, there have been many notifications regarding the emergence of language crimes in the form of hate speech.
Therefore, the government finally issued Law no.11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE) which was finally updated to become Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 19 of 2016 concerning changes to Law no.11 of 2008 concerning ITE to respond to language crimes through social media.In addition, language crimes committed through electronic media such as direct speech, letters, wall writing, billboards, banners, posters and so on are regulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP).Currently, one of the social media that is most frequently used and highly liked by the people of Indonesia is Tiktok.Through Tiktok, netizens can create space to write any comments on the status or upload videos uploaded by users.The widespread use of Tiktok as a social media, apart from being able to provide entertainment, can also provide convenience for its users.However, Tiktok can also cause problems.The hate speech that is widely used by Indonesian netizens is in the comments column of the Tiktok account.A netizen who always gives negative comments to issue various hate speeches in the comments column of the Tiktok account.This of course will have an impact on sources and partners, and even have an impact on the law.Tiktok is a short video social platform powered by music.Whether it's music for dance, freestyle or performance.Users are encouraged to imagine freely and freely express their expressions which can later be shared with friends or the world.Tiktok itself is claimed by its developers to be able to perform facial recognition at high speed which will suggest interesting facial features such as cute, cool, ridiculous and embarrassing expressions.Tiktok also has special effects that users can use to make short videos so that the video results are more interesting.Apart from that, Tik Tok also provides background music from various well-known artists in various categories ranging from DJ, Dance, R&B, Western, Cute, KCC, Addict, Popular and many more.This trend is also developing because Tiktok's features make it easy for anyone to record and edit videos in 15 seconds on a smartphone.This application offers a series of special effects that amaze people, supported by artificial intelligence technology.With this technology, users can use cool features such as real-time beauty effects and hair color effects to create stunning clips, record videos with friends, and even pets with adorable stickers.Therefore, now many Tiktok users use the application.
Forensic linguistics is a branch of science that is multidisciplinary because its analysis can be assisted by other fields of science such as linguistics, law, psychology, social sciences, and other fields of science that are capable of solving a criminal problem.as referred to by Ollson (2008:3) forensic linguistics is the relationship between language and enforcement, issues, legislation, disputes or legal processes that have the potential to involve some violation of law or the necessity to obtain legal settlement.Historically, this field has been called forensic linguistics, even since the 1980s.Forensic linguistics is a multidisciplinary science derived from linguistics and law which was developed in America and Europe since 1997.Since then linguists have offered their evidence in court to detect reality and be more careful in assessing a case.In forensic linguistics and linguistic techniques are applied to study linguistic phenomena related to legal cases or case investigations or personal disputes between several parties which at a later stage have an impact on taking legal action.If elaborated further, the main concerns of forensic linguistics are (1) the language of legal documents, (2) the language of police and law enforcement, (3) interviews with vulnerable children and witnesses in the legal system, (4) interactions in public spaces.trial, (5) linguistic evidence and expert testimony at trial, (6) authorship and plagiarism, and (7) forensic phonetics and speaker identification (Coulthard & Johnson, 2007).
Linguists use linguistics to help deal with certain legal cases.The science of language that is often used is forensic linguistics.The role of language in communication has an important element in conveying messages to speech partners.Forensic linguistics applies linguistic theories in a linguistic event that is included in the legal process, either in the form of legal products, interactions in the judicial process, or in interactions between individuals that give rise to certain legal impacts.In this respect, applied linguistic theory includes theory of grammar, conversation, discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics, speech acts, descriptive linguistics theories and techniques, such as phonetics and phonology, lexis, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, discourse, and text analysis.(Subyantoro, 2019).
It can be seen in everyday life, there are lots of sentences that express hatred and even humiliation from a psychological, physical or social perspective.Speech is in the form of speech acts.Speech acts are utterances that have a specific purpose so that they can be expressed explicitly or implicitly as a product in society.Speech acts cannot be separated from the life and events experienced by each individual.The relationship between speech acts and speakers is influenced by psychological factors or situations that occur to speakers.So that the emergence of speech acts provides activities carried out by speakers in everyday life.Meanwhile, speech acts as an analysis in pragmatic studies is to find out what is said to contain the meaning of an action.

II. Research Method
Judging from the type of data above, the research approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach.As for what is meant by qualitative research is research that intends to understand the phenomena of what is meant by research subjects by means of descriptions in the form of words and language, in a special natural context and by utilizing the scientific method.(Moleong, 2007:6).Descriptive research is research that seeks to provide solutions to current problems based on data.This type of approach in this study uses descriptive qualitative.The qualitative descriptive method used is to determine the meaning of utterances in the interrogation process at the police to find interrogatory and intrograted speech acts.The data in this research is qualitative.Qualitative data in the form of words or text are analyzed based on comments on Tiktok "not pictures or numbers" (Aminuddin 1999: 16)., insulting other people, harsh words that can hurt other people's feelings on social media.The data source in question is the object of study which was obtained or found in this research source from netizens' hate speech in the Tiktok comments column.

III. Result and Discussion
Data analysis in this study refers to the focus of the study, namely the analysis of speech act theory according to Searle and events in defamation on social media.In this section, it will be explained that the data taken in this study is data from posts on social media and then analyzed using illocutionary speech act theory according to Austin and Searle.And events in the effectiveness of forensic linguistics.This first section presents data on the findings of various forms of illocutionary speech acts on social media.
The findings and analysis of speech act data can be seen below.
DATA 1 (Expressive data analysis) From the data above, it is very clear that twitter users on behalf of Samid express hate speech or defamation to Kekeyi, an Indonesian artist, first about kekeyi clothes that are the same color na match as detergent products, kekeyi = detergent.Secondly, the word "Lo idup years2 no entertainment at all, tot?!? Including the harsh word because kekeyi is blasphemed that during life he is like lonely and there is no entertainment so he often makes silly things that always make netizens make scathing and disrespectful comments.
This can be grouped into cases of defamation or defamation.It is stated in the Criminal Code that insulting / insulting / demeaning means demeaning or looking down on (humiliating / unimportant), discrediting people offends good names (such as cursing, insulting, and demeaning) (KBBI, 2008: 507) according to Soesilo (in endang 2018:86) insulting is attacking someone's honor and good name.
DATA 2 (Analysis of Expressive Speech Acts and Declarative Speech Acts) Data 2 above is very clear that instagram users on behalf of "Mirnha" express hate speech to the children of Lesti Kejora and Rizky Billar.From the above utterances include expressive and declarative speech acts.First, the expressive speech act of an Instagram user in the name of "Mirnha" uses an expressive speech act in the form of a blame proposition about a photo of holding her child uploaded on Lesti's Instagram and she says it is not holding a baby but like holding a monkey.Followed by the comments of instagram users "Mommy_air9" who commented really ugly.Said that Lesti's baby child was very ugly.
From the data above, it is very clear that social media users on Instagram who comment and express hate speech or defamation of the children of Lesti and Rizky Billar, Netizens on social media blaspheme by saying rude and disrespectful even inappropriate for a baby.Netizens performed baby shaming on the children of Lesti Kejora and Rizky Billar in various bad words.So that it reports netizens to the authorities for lessons for individuals who often bully their children.
Instagram users on behalf of "Mirnha" use declarative speech acts.A facebook user in the name of "Mirnha" said Lesti's child was like a monkey.Furthermore, instagram user "Mommy_air9" said that Lesti's child is very ugly.Instagram users in the name of "Mirnha" and "Mommy_air9" have violated Criminal Code articles 310, 311, and 315 namely: first, Attacking honor/good name Honor means self-respect (KBBI, 2008:501).Soesilo (in Endang, 2018:86) explains that the person being attacked is usually embarrassed, the honor attacked here is only about honor about good name.Second.Accusing something.Accusing means the act of pointing and claiming that someone is doing less well or breaking the law (KBBI 2008:149).

IV. Conclusion
Based on the results of the data analysis and research findings above, it can be concluded that on social media there are many cases of defamation that occur either intentionally or unintentionally, all of which are caused by the freedom to use social media in Indonesia.Defamation on social media can be done by all governments such as farmers, artists, doctors, police, nurses.Soldiers, midwives, students, students, teachers, lecturers, construction workers, and others.Whether it's at the age of parents, children or teenagers.With these problems, problems arise so that UU ITE No. 2008 and the Criminal Code.To protect those who feel their reputation has been defamed.In this study, researchers analyzed data on people who commit acts of defamation on social media by paying attention to illocutionary speech acts according to Searle and speech events using forensic linguistic studies.Researchers also found several cases of defamation.Defamation, slander, insult or blasphemous words against other people, let alone writing comments on social media.This violates the ITE Law on insult or defamation and defamation.Septiani, Fathurohman, Pratiwi (2021) in his research stated that every human being in his relationship with others has a stake in motivating actions in a better direction.Searle's theory and speech events to examine it in a review of the effectiveness of forensic linguistics.In this study, the researcher found 5 posts of hate speech acts by netizens that contained slander, insults, harsh words or blasphemy on Tiktok social media that hurt their readers.
Whereas hate speech in Indonesia is regulated in Articles 156 and 157 of the Criminal Code which regulate criminal acts of spreading hatred, disputes and insults.Law Number 12 of 2005 concerning Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Law Number 40 of 2008 concerning the Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination, Article 4 letter b prohibits a person from showing feelings of hatred or hatred towards other people because of differences in race and ethnicity, both in the form of writing and pictures, speech and the use of symbols in public, Republic of Indonesia Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law no.11 of 2008 concerning ITE also contains violations of hate speech as referred to in Article 28 paragraph 2 and Article 45 paragraph 2 of Law no. 9 of 1998 concerning freedom of expression in public also contains criminal acts of hate speech, especially in Article 6 letter E with sanctions for disbanding or terminating speech.