Relative Clause French: An Approach to Syntactic Typology

: This study aims to describe the constituent forms of the French relative clause. The data source of this research is written text, namely the Tendance book. The data analysis method uses the billing method. The result of this research shows that the basic order of clauses in French is of type , namely the verb precedes the object. the object of the preposition is included in the constituent. Nod and Np constituents in the form of pronouns are in front of the verb, the French Relative Clause is not only a delimiter in noun phrases. French has relatively simple pronouns and relatively complex pronouns. The form of the verb that is conjugated will change according to the type (feminine or masculine) or from the angle of form (singular or plural). All relative pronouns in French have their respective functions according to the noun phrase they replace. From the conclusion above, it is clear that every language has its own uniqueness, even though there are similarities or differences.


I. Introduction
The study of linguistics has many aspects that have not been studied, especially French from the scope of language typology. Typology is a grouping of languages based on the characteristics of their grammar and sentence structure (Mallinson dan Blake 1981:1-3) Mallinson further argues that languages can be grouped according to the boundaries of their structural characteristics. It is these structural characteristics that guide the typology of language areas. Based on the characteristics of their sentence structure, every language in the world has the characteristics of each of their sentence structures Learning a language is an attempt to know something, because everyone has the potential to master every language in this world. There are several things that must be considered in learning a language because in reality every language is related to the words to be spoken, and then these words are linked to form a complete sentence. This also happens when we learn French as a foreign language. Language is one of the most important things in the life of every human being. Each of them is of course inseparable from language, the first time a child gets a language that is heard directly from the father or mother when the child is born into this world. Then as time goes by and as the child grows, they will acquire a language other than the language taught by the mother and father, either in the form of a second, third, foreign language or so on which is called language acquisition where it depends on the social environment and cognitive level possessed by these children through the learning process in their environment. (Purba, N. et al. (2020).
The introduction of relative pronouns is very necessary because French has different varieties and rules from Indonesian. The difference affects the form of the resulting relative clause. Grevisse (1975Grevisse ( .1057) describes a relative clause as a proposition that begins with the use of a relative pronoun (qui, que, dont, lequel, auquel, etc) or through a syntagme containing the relative pronoun itselfFurthermore, Bescherelle (1990:240) adds that in French, if a clause in the main sentence completes a noun, the clause is called a relative clause. From the above concept, it can be said that relative clauses in French are usually accompanied by the use of Britain International of Linguistics, Arts and Education (BIoLAE) Journal ISSN: 2685-4813 (Online), 2685-4805 (Print) Vol. 4, No. 2, July 2022 -74-noun phrases at the core of the sentence and the propositions are marked by the use of one of the relative pronouns, both simple and complex.

Definition of Relative Clause
Comrie (1981) means that a relative clause consists of a core and a clause delimiter. The core in it has a certain potential limit from its referent. But the limiting clause that limits this sequence through an embedding of propositions corresponds to the actual referent of the whole construction. Daly at al (1981) Relative clause is an embedded clause that can explain the main noun in the noun phrase itself. Such embedded clauses are called relative clauses.

Previous Research
RELATIVE CLAUSE INDONESI: An Approach to Syntactic Typology.Felix Brian Hari Ekaristianto, Dwi Purnanto, Sumarlam. Based on the findings of this study, the researcher can conclude that there are four types of constituents described by the Indonesian relative clause. The constituents are words, compound words, word groups, and phrases. However, the researcher only studied compound words, word groups, and phrasesThe researcher found that not only words and phrases can be explained by relative clauses, but also compound words and groups of words. There is also a phrase construction which is explained by a relative clause. Generally, the determination of the core elements in phrases uses explained and explained concepts. But by using the relative clause construction, the core elements explained can be seen clearly. In particular, phrases with their constituent elements are in the noun + noun category. At the level of compound words and word groups, the constituents described are all the elements contained in these constituents. This is due to the categories and semantic aspects that affect it.
Fitriana Andriyani (2018) in his research Indonesian Relative Clauses with Relative Markers in which, which and in which. This study concludes that (1) Indonesian relative clauses can not only be relative to the words which and place, but can also be relative to where, which and in which markers, (2) where, which and in which relative clauses can be used. relativizes core nouns through obliteration/gapping strategies and pronoun retention strategies (3) The pronoun retention strategy functions to relative the subject with which markers, (4) The grammatical unit that can be relativized with the markers where, which and in which is the subject, oblique locative, temporal oblique, and ajungta, (5) Relative marker which can only relativize the subject.

III. Research Method
Appropriate data supply methods are needed in order to obtain quality data. This research uses the listening method, according to Sudaryanto (1993: 133) the listening method is done by listening to the use of language. Mahsun (2011: 92) asserts that the listening method is not limited to the use of spoken language but also the use of written language. In this study, the researcher was not directly involved in the formation and appearance of the data, but only read the French relative clauses in order to collect data that was in accordance with the research objectives. This data collection technique is known as the free-of-conversation (SBLC) listening technique. After the data is collected, the data is followed up using notetaking techniques. This technique is used to record the data that has been collected in the form of French relative clauses refers to a noun phrase.

French Relative Clause Concept
The French relative clause is an extension of a noun or noun phrase contained in the main proposition.

Example:
Est-ce que tu as revu le garcon qui t' a fait chanter hier ? Have you aux. seen again the boy you asked aux sing yesterday 'Have you seen again the boy you asked to sing yesterday?' Relative Clause qui t'a fait chanter hier refers to a noun phrase le garcon. The noun phrase is a direct object complement of the verbas revu, and the core of the parent clause.
French has two relative forms in the formation of relative clauses, namely: 1.Relatively determinative Example: Nous avons tous peur des années qui arrivent we feel scarede in the years relatif determinative come "We feel so scared in the years to come." Relatively determinative on qui arrivent informs what year people are speaking at that time. If we try to remove the relative, the sentence becomes incomplete, as follows: Nous avons tous peur des années. The determinative relative always completes in a way that does not refer to the noun or noun phrase of the main sentence.
2. Relatively explicative (appositive) Example: L'enfant, qui commencait à se fatiquer nageait avec difficulté The child relative eksplikatif is starting to feel tired, swims with difficul The child who is starting to feel tired, swims with difficulty Relative explicative in relative clause qui commencait à se fatiguer provides explanatory information related to noun phrase l'enfant. However, the explanatory information in the sentence above has no effect, so if the sentence is omitted, the sentence can still be accepted, as in the following example: L'enfant nageait avec difficulté.
In the explicative relative form, generally written language is marked with a "comma (.......), while in spoken language it tends to be paused. This is the reason why this relative is also called appositive relative.

French Relative Clause Mechanism
There are several concerns regarding the mechanics of the French relative clause form, such as the following example: Il m' a presenté L'homme qui lui avait sauvé FV FN relative clause Subjec FV COD He me aux introduced man who his had saved life "He introduced me to a man who had saved his life" The explanation that can be given in the sentence above is that the noun phrase l'homme is the direct object complement of the verb a presenté, which forms the core of the main clause il m'a presenté l'homme. The noun phrase (l'homme) followed immediately by the relative pronoun qui which refers to l'homme and is the subject function of the verb avait sauvé, the heart of the clause. In the sentence above, the noun phrase l'homme is the antecedent of the relative pronoun. The construction of a relative clause is a way that allows a noun to have a function in a proposition to convince other elements that are in a different proposition. For that, it must be referred to a noun from each particular pronoun that replaces it, this is what is called a relative pronoun, which will have a new role in the clause.
Example: ll m a presenté un homme He me aux introduced a man He introduced me to a man L' homme lui avait sauvé la vie. That man his aux.Imp. save life That man saved his life' The two sentences above can be linked together by using relative pronouns, as follows: Il m'a presenté l'homme qui lui avait sauvé la vie He introduced me to a man who had saved his life

Use of 'qui'
The relative pronoun is placed directly before the verb phrase of the relative clause, and the noun phrase it replaces is adjusted according to the type and number of its antecedents.
Example: J' ai revu cette femme qui était si belle. fem.sing pronon relatif I aux seen again such beautiful woman "I have seen again such a beautiful woman"

Use of 'Que"
The relative pronoun que' is a direct object complement of a conjugated verb in the "passe compose" mode, causing changes according to the type and amount of the "participe passe" verb form. Example: Les pommes que tu as rapportées sont excellentes.
fem.pl. pronom relatif the apples you brought here are beautiful -77- The apples you brought here are beautiful

3.Use of 'dont'
If the function of pronouns is relatively difficult to determine, we must look for two sentences that allow the procedure Example: Jacques achete une voiture dont le prix lui avait semble raisonnable.
Pronom relatif imp. Jacques bought a car that seemed reasonable Basically the sentence consists of: Jacques achete une voiture Jacques bought a car Le prix de la voiture, lui avait semble raisonnable The price of the car seems appropriate' The relative pronoun 'dont' is a substitute for the noun voiture which in the relative clause is the complement of the prix noun.

Forms of French Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are part of the six forms of pronouns found in French, namely personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and interrogative pronouns. Pronouns have the same function as nouns. Hamon (1983:102) says that relative pronouns are the most important form of pronouns of all forms of pronouns because they have more complex properties and are not limited to only replacing nouns but also connecting two clauses.
As for the understanding of relative pronouns, it is given by Dubois and Jouannon (1958:114) who explain that relative pronouns are words that replace nouns or other words (adjectives or adverbs of place) that precede the relative pronouns in the main sentence and clauses. and combine the two sentences. Words that are replaced by relative pronouns are called antecedents.
While Grevisse (1968:43) argues that relative pronouns are also called conjunctives, which are used to connect relative clauses with nouns or pronouns that are replaced by relative pronouns in the sentence.
From some of the definitions above, it can be concluded that a relative pronoun is basically a word that has a function to replace a noun or other word which is also called an antecedent found in the main sentence and then connected to a subordinate clause. Thus, it is clear that relative pronouns have a dual role in a sentence, meaning that relative pronouns can function to replace the noun they refer to and they also connect the main clause with the subordinate clause. This is as confirmed by Dubois and Lagane (1984.96) that the dual function of relative pronouns is as a pronoun and a conjunction. As a pronoun, it functions to replace the same group of words as other pronouns. Relative pronouns can determine the position between one sentence and another, a clause (la phrase subordonné) which is called a relative and a core sentence (la phrase principale), both of which will form a complex sentence. Relative pronouns in French have various forms according to their function, this is stated by Delatour (1991:210).

Types of Relative French Pronouns
Based on form, relative pronouns in French can be grouped into two major groups, as stated by Delatour (1991:211-213): 1. Relatively Simple Pronouns: qui, que, dont and ou 2. Relatively Complex Pronouns (combined): lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, etc... Bescherelle (1990-244-245) classified them into two groups, namely: 1. Relatively simple pronouns qui, que, dont, and od 2. Relatively complex pronouns: The focus of the study in this research is on the use of relatively simple pronouns consisting of: qui, que, dont and ou. The meaning of a relatively simple pronoun is a pronoun that does not change shape by the influence of the type (masculin and feminine) and the number (singular or plural) of the noun or noun phrase it replaces.

Functions and Uses of French Relative Pronouns
The function of each pronoun is relatively simple languageFrance is as follows

a. Relative Pronoun→→→ qui
Used to replace the antecedent in the form of objects or living things, masculine or feminine, either singular or plural. It usually functions as the subject in a clause. Example: Je lui ai acheté une poupée qui pleure Subjec V I bought her a doll that can cry In the sentence above, the relative pronoun qui replaces the antecedent of une poupee, it is feminine, and singular with the function of the subject in the qui pleure clause.

b. Relative Pronoun que
Used instead of antecedents in the form of objects or creatures. alive, masculine or feminine, plural or singular which is a complement to the direct object of the verb conjugation contained in the clause, and functions as a complement to the direct object. Example: Je t' ai acheté la poupée que tu desirais depuis longtemps. Comp. obj.dir V I have bought you a doll you wanted for a long time

c. Relative Pronoun→→ dont
This pronoun form can fill several functions in the relative clause French, which include the following: As a complement to a noun (complément du nom) Example: Je rencontre ce jeune homme dont la soeur est secrétaire.
Comp. nominal I met that young man whose sister is a secretary The relative pronoun dont replaces the masculine antecedent ce jeune homme, with the singular form and functions as a complement to the noun in the clause dont la souer est secrétaire. As a complement to an adjective (complément de l'adjective) Example: Il m' a montré le livre, dont il était fier Comp..adj He showed me a book he was proud of Replaces the antecedent of le livre which is masculine and singular with a complementary function of the adjective in the clause dont il était fier. As a complement to the indirect object (complement d'objet indirect) Example: il en remarque au sujet dont il voulait me parler, comp..obi.ind . (parler du sujet) "He's paying attention to the issues he wants to talk to me about" Replacing the masculine au sujet antecedent with the singular form and its function as an indirect object of the parler verb found in the clause dont il voulait me parler

d. Relative Pronoun ou
Ou replaces noun antecedents with masculine or feminine types and issingular or plural, which can function as a complement to adverbs of place (complément circonstanciel de lieu) and as a complement to adverbs of time (complément circonstanciel du temps). Example: Je reste dans cet hôtel où il voulait aller Comp. de lieu V I live in that hotel where he wants to go The relative pronoun où replaces the antecedent of the noun cet hôtel, it is masculine in singular form and functions as a complement to adverbs of place in the clause ou il voulait aller. The following is a relative pronoun où that functions as a substitute for adverbs of time, for example: C'était l'hiver ou il est mort Comp. V de temp It was during the winter that he died." The antecedent it replaces is 'a hiver denoting a description. time and the function shown leads to the complement of the adverb of time in the où il est mort clause.