Turn-Taking Strategies Analysis in Conversation between President Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy Youtube Channel

The aims of this study were to identify the types and the most dominant of turn-taking strategies used by President Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy youtube channel. The researchers used theory by Stenstrom as cited in Yanti (2017). This theory describes three types namely Taking the turn (starting up, take over, interrupting), Holding the turn (filled pause, silent pause, meta-comments), Yielding the turn (prompting, appealing, giving up. This type of research was qualitative method, the researchers used an approach qualitative descriptive to describe the turn-taking strategies that included in conversation between Mr. Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy YouTube Channel, since the data the researcher did not use numeric or statistic form in the data analysis. The result of this research showed that there are 28 data with the different percentage such as; Hesitant Start (4%), Clean Start (4%), Uptakes (4%), Link (4%), Alert (4%), Meta-Comments (-), Filled Pause (10%), Silent Pause (17%), Repetition (39%), Prompting (4%), Appealing (6%), Giving up (4%). It can be concluded, that the most dominant is Repetition that occurs 11 times from 28 data.


I. Introduction
Herman and Silalahi (2020) defined discourse analysis are concerned with language use as a social phenomenon and therefore necessarily goes beyond one speaker or one newspaper article to find features which have a more generalized relevance. This is a potentially confusing point because the publication of research findings is generally presented through examples and the analysis may choose a single example or case to exemplify the features to be discussed, but those features are only of interest as a social, not individual, phenomenon. In addition, discourse is like an interconnection in dialogue. The speaker must understand word knowledge before engaging in dialogue. In other words, the communication between speaker and audience must be coherent. It is important not only to obey the rules, but also to communicate the fact that the goal is understood by the recipient as coherent facts. Therefore, people use words to create coherent communication in speaking. Conversation is a form of oral interaction used by two or more people. This includes how people stay engaged and how they talk a conversation. According to Nordquist (2017), conversation is the spoken exchange of ideas, observations, opinions, or feelings between people. Hence, Litoseliti (2010) explained that conversation analysis is to understand how turn taking within a stretch of talk negotiated between participants, in order to produce some form of social action. It focuses on production and interpretation which is oriented by participant.
In addition, Ghilzai (2015) stated turn-taking refers to the process by which people in conversation decide who will to speak next (Simbolon et al, 2021). They also indicated that women are more likely to take turns in conversation which supports the proposal that women's greater turn-taking rates can be attributed to interpersonal sensitivity rather than lack of assertiveness. Therefore, it is clear that the conversation analysis area seeks to look at regular conversation (Paltridge, 2012), especially to research how people make and manage turns. So, the small unit of conversation is a turn control the flow of interaction in exchanging the right in speaking. It is important to understand turn-taking to prevent phenomena of misunderstanding in a conversation. Santander and Amaia (2013) Turn-taking strategy are very important and can be learned in conversation interactive because it can be used to see interact and who are present and answer the exchanges will take turns to be reliable and also turn-taking has function to make the conversation flows well. It begins when the first speaker takes the turn to speak firstly. Then the second speaker gets chance to speak when the first speaker seems to end his/her speaking. Turntaking strategies are how to manage role of conversation as speaker or listener (Pardede et al, 2021). According to Stenstrom as cited in Yanti (2017:14), there are three types of turn-taking strategies that can be used by the conversation. Those are taking the turn (starting up, taking over, interruption, overlapping), holding the turn (filled pause, silent pause, repetition), yielding the turn (prompting, appealing, giving up).
YouTube (YT) is a video sharing service that allows users to watch videos posted by other users and upload videos of their own. Nowadays, YT is becoming an everyday program for almost people around the world. The purpose of the YT is to give useful information as well as actual and entertain the audiences. It usually discusses about politics, celebrity gossips and real life experiences from the guests. William Hartanto or better known as Boy William born in Jakarta, Indonesia, October 17, 1991; 29 years old. He is an actor, VJ, rapper and singer of Chinese-Indonesian blood. She started her career when she won the Starteen model selection in 2009 and then switched to VJ MTV Indonesia. Now he is also known as Indonesia's top You Tuber as #nebengBoy channel. Boy William's YouTube channel now has nearly 1 million subscribers. With the #NebengBoy channel, he gave rides to a number of celebrities up to President Joko Widodo or Jokowi. Ir. H. Joko Widodo or Jokowi born in Surakarta, Central Java, June 21, 1961; 59 years old. He is the 7th President of Indonesia who took office since 20th October 2014. Elected in the 2014 Presidential Election, Jokowi became the first Indonesian President in history who did not come from a background in the Indonesian political or military elite.
In this research, the researchers interested to discuss a turn-taking in conversation in YouTube entitled "Turn-Taking Strategies Analysis in Conversation between President Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy YouTube Channel" which contains many interesting in conversation to be analyzed and the researcher will also examine about the most dominant types of turn-taking used by the president Jokowi and Boy William. Another interesting thing in this conversation that is supports the existence of turn-taking in the conversation among the speakers.

II. Review of Literatures
Conversation Analysis was developed by Harvey Sacks and colleagues Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson in the 1960s-70s. This is a unique method in sociology primarily through influence Irving Goffman and Harold Garfinkel. Goffman's great innovation was revealed a new area of sociological research is face-to-face interaction. As Goffman's pupil, sacks and Schegloff's understanding of interaction is the direction of development of social organization you can investigate it yourself. Around the same time, Harold Garfinkel established a national methodology and have unique insights into the day-to-day activities of being criticized popular theory of social order. For Garfinkel, social order should not be placed summarize descriptions of social life, but adopt very organized procedures that people use make the local situation easy to understand.
In Conversation Analysis, conversation is seen as a tool for taking action. Participants didn't speak there because of the contents of the argument, not as a simple medium for conveying information, but because they care regarding operations performed by voice (for example, asking, asking, complaining, taking notes, and etc.), and the real-life consequences of such behavior. Next, talk not in separate words, but in the form of interactive dialogue, an activity that is carried out in real terms arrangements between real people. In this sense, actions in interactions are always context sensitive located; they are produced in a certain way by one person at any other time. In the last half century, this method of language and social interaction has paid off complete description tool for analyzing interaction structures.

Definition of Conversation Analysis
Conversation Analysis is a method of looking at people take-turns conducting and handling verbal interactions. The basic rules of dialogue are one person speaks once and can then nominate another speaker or another speaker may turn away without being nominated. Conversation Analysis is not only a method, but also a way by which people communicate and has the purpose to determine how participants in natural dialogue understand and respond to one another when it is their turn to speak. Explore the various mechanisms that determine people's use of language in an extended dialogue environment. "In other words, Conversation Analysis tries to figure out what people think about tumors. The focus of Conversation Analysis is on data that occurs naturally, not on dialogue that is manipulated in the laboratory. This method studies how to use spoken language in natural interactions. It tries to explain the way people behave in conversation. The entire dialogue is treated as an event.
According to Litoseliti (2010), conversation analysis is to understand how turn taking within a stretch of talk negotiated between participants, in order to produce some form of social action (Pardede et al, 2021). It focuses on production and interpretation which is oriented by interact ant. Therefore, it is clear that the conversation analysis area seeks to look at regular conversation (Paltridge, 2012), especially to research how people make and manage turns. So, the small unit of conversation is a turn control the flow of interaction in exchanging the right in speaking. So, this is important to understand turn taking to prevent phenomena of misunderstanding in a conversation. Santander and Amaia (2013), argued that a basic form of conversation is to transfer from the current speaker to next speaker at transition place, or competition spaces. As stated by (Chaer in Alim in 2020), the conversation becomes impolite, this happens because the penatsu intentionally wants to discredit or demean the speech partner, making the speech partner helpless. So, conversation does not speak all the time, they have to wait for their turn to speak. According to this method, social action is very important for the person initiating the action. They are naturally arranged and can be found by careful inspection. Hence, conversation analysis tries to understand the hidden rules, meanings or structures that create this order in conversation.

a. Turn-Taking
Turn-Taking indicates when two or the more people interact, the symbolic commitment. They make to it others commemorate the roles they chose to play. Role is important as a human being, this deserves attention and respect. For that, there must be rules so that someone knows what to do. This should not be said or done in interactions. According to Ghilzai (2015) Turntaking refers to the process by which people in conversation decide who will to speak next. She also indicates that women are more likely to take turns in conversation which supports the proposal that women's greater turn taking rates can be attributed to interpersonal sensitivity rather than lack of assertiveness. In everyday conversation, everything should know the turning rules, so he could have a chat this is good. One of the most important rules of dialogue is the right timing speak. It has to do with when a person should speak out and the rights associated with it listen. The speaker becomes the listener or vice versa it is a turn. It was that turn control situation remains, anyone can take it take control of it. Control in referring to who is the right to speak. All interact ant maintain dialogue and collaboration in the following ways turn around.
Turn-takings are basic research into dialogue. One the fundamental fact of dialogue is that the roles of the speaker and listener have changed. The turn-taking rules designed by Sacks et al are written as following. When the current speaker selects the next speaker, the next speaker has the right to take turn. Second, if the current speaker does not select the next speaker, any one of the participants has the right to become the next speaker. Third, finally if current speaker does not select next speaker and none of other participants self-select, then current speaker may (but need not) continue his turn.
At the same time, in a two-sided conversation, listeners usually maintain eye contact with the speaker at least until the number of speakers has changed. Hirvenkari et al (2013) added that if two-party conversation viewers follow the same pattern as when they actually participate in the conversation, they will continue to watch the speaker until their turn. Likewise, Holler et al (2015) used eye tracking techniques to investigate the reactions of observers immersed in the conversational environment as a basis. The data show that the movement of the observer's gaze towards the next speaker is not random, but is guided by the possible settlement points in the current round, thereby revealing the semantic, syntactic, prosodic, and pragmatic information available when the round is displayed Sensitivity and direction of the interaction. From those explanations we can conclude that turn taking refers to change role of the speaker and listener.
There are two features of the turn taking process in conversation. Such as: overlapping and repair.

Overlapping
An example of the features that are shared sequentially is when two people trying to talk at the same time. The overlap between turns has a special meaning: it means interference, urgency, or the desire to correct. At the same time, it overlapped the speakers may open without trying again speak up, or continue speaking aloud to take turns. As an example: A : after finish researching. I want to go to play football in the field. B : I want-I want to join-… A : what-what time you will come back here?
Interact ant B used overlapping words when interact ant A asked him some question for example: I want-I want and what-what. In other words, when the two speakers talk, the speech overlaps at the same time. Usually, if there is an overlap, one of the speakers will switch to the next speaker. The speaker continues the conversation. Hence, the speaker stops speaking or let go instead of needing to continue college. This is because the speakers chose to take turns participating. Another way to avoid overlapping asking other speakers to take turns participating.

Repair
There are many problems in conversation, such as wrong word choice, slippery, misunderstood, misunderstood, etc. To solve this problem, the problem is, the speaker sometimes revises, changes, rotates repeatedly or doesn't rotate this is called maintenance. Refinements are a way for speakers to improve what they are saying conversation. When someone can't speak, the speaker usually stops and the other party starts talking. Another option is to re-open pause and repeat the speech to the intended speaker another chance in case they did not understand the intention the first time. For example: A : do you want to play this game?
(Pause) A : do you want to play this game? B : No, Thank you.
In the example above the interact ant A asks a question which involves the sequential requirement of an answer by the other interact ant. Following no response, the interact ant A recognizes there is problem which needs to be prepare and do repetition of the turn.

Types of Turn Taking Strategies
In most cultures, only one person speaks at a time: The speaker takes turns speaking, speaking first and speaking again. A kind navigate to conversations where a turn can occur are referred to as "transition-related locations". According to Stenstrom as cited in Yanti (2017), there are three types of turn taking strategies that can be used by the conversation. Those are taking the turn (starting up, taking over, interruption, overlapping) that means how to describe people start conversation, holding the turn (filled pause, silent pause, repetition) it refers to how people continue the conversation, and the last is yielding the turn (prompting, appealing, giving up) it refers to how people provide opportunities for others. There are explanations about types of turn-taking strategies, such as:

a. Taking the Turn
This strategy is useful if participants want to take advantage of these opportunities speak in conversation. While in the conversation, show me the file participants take the initiative to start a conversation or pose a discussion topic. Of course, there must be cooperation between the participants as speakers and listeners.
Therefore, it can make the conversation smooth. The audience response is leave a comment or answer. The speaker's question is currently being called the speech is finished by the listener. If the ideal rules were set by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson cannot be fulfilled by the speaker, he can create conversation overlaps or breaks up. Sometimes conversing can't run smoothly. To have a good conversation, everyone has to do it know a reverse strategy when you want to talk. Based on Stenstrom's theory as cited in Yanti (2017) contains some basic strategies in the turning system.

Starting Up
When the speaker is having their turn, they use an improper plan to get started. It means you'll find that Jing's words represent clean beginnings. This is generated when the speaker is spinning but not ready. Based on Stenstrom's theory as cited in Yanti (2017) Starting Up refers to the beginning of the conversation. In conversation someone has to start the conversation first. According to Jufadri (2018), starting up strategy is how the speaker begins the conversation. Can use hesitated and started cleaning. When someone doesn't have files, doubts begin to start a conversation. When someone's ready, clean start ready to start a conversation. 1) Hesitant Start A hesitant start most speakers do not give up the turn at once but take advantage by using filled pause. This strategy is used when speaker take the turn without being fully prepared and shows that the speaker wants to say something and need more time to put in to the word, for example: A : well, em I mean that em your idea is very nice. B : Thank you.
It hows that the interact ant intends to say something but needs more time to put it into words by using verbal filler (well) and filled pause (em) come up at the beginning of the utterance and it makes a hesitant start.

2) Clean Start
Clean start is if the speaker often prepares before they will take the turn, usually word "Well" come up at the beginning of the utterance and it makes a clean start, for example below: A: well what does he say? B: I can't tell you about it, sorry.
It shows that speaker tries to attract the attention of the listener at the beginning of the conversation, in order to keep the conversation.

Take Over
After the first speaker starts the conversation, there is this was followed by several responses from the audience. Audience appears and takes up the speaker position. He commented or the answer the speaker said or asked. If the audience responds to the speaker it is called as a taking over in conversation based on Stenstrom's theory as cited in Yanti (2017). There are many ways to force it another speaker speaks or comments on the current speaker statement.

1) Uptakes
Uptakes starts from the file Consultant (eg. you know) and will absorb it later (eg yeah, oh well, Ah, no, yes). The next speaker will speak. When the next speaker adopts a strategy confirm to accept what was said before and evaluate before continuing. In addition, upgrades are not always right after applicants, but can be done there are no appeals, for example: A : but I got the telegram last Friday, saying that there was trouble a foot, you know? B : yeah, trouble a leg anyway In example above uses Uptakes in the beginning of the sentence. The word "yeah" indicates that he is agreeing with the previous speaker by responding the utterance.

2) Link
Link usually used when taking over the conversation by continuing of the speakers' utterances as a form of understanding or disapproval. The word used: "and", "but", "because", "so", for example: A : don't disturb me! B : But how I can tell you the information?
In example above, interact ant B used a link with the intention to tell the listener that he understood what the first speaker had been said by using the conjunction "but".

Interrupting
Another speaker or listener may interrupt another person (speaker) at the beginning and middle of the current conversation. Coulthard (1985) also states that A non-speaker who wishes to speak, but is unable to find a suitable entry spot has the option of simply breaking in, though this is frequently heard as rudeness. That statement gives an indication that interruption happens when there is someone who tries to gain the floor when he/she is not given a chance by the speaker to speak. Based Stenstrom's theory as cited in Yanti (2017) interruptions divided into two types, namely alerts and meta-comments.

1) Alert
An alert is a signal generated by certain speakers indicating that a louder sound and higher pitch are being used. This indicates that the listener is trying to interrupt the speaker's conversation because he or she intends to inform or share valuable information and to attract attention. It uses words like: hey, listen, and look. For example: A : Oh, asinan bogor is delicious B : Look sir! There are many wagons, when was the last time you rode a wagon? A : it's been a long time In example above, interact ant B interrupts interact ant A by using a higher pitch with the intention to attract t the attention of other participants to listen. So, the conversation can be specified as alerts strategy.

2) Meta-Comments
Meta-comments are used based on the situation where the speaker requests a polite voice comment on the conversation and it usually in a formal situation. It usually uses the words "can I just tell, excuse me, may I halt you". For example: A : can I just tell that meet you it's like meet a simple person, even though you know you're the number one family in this country? B : sure I know… In example above the speaker interrupt listener using meta-comment. This is to explain that the speaker interrupt politely.

b. Holding the Turn
Holding the turn means continuing to talk by Stenstrom as cited in Yanti (2017). Speakers happened not always able to control or turn around because it is difficult to plan what to do at the same time. He had to stop talking and start a half way plan turn. Because of the audience, silence should be avoided unless strategically placed the fault is signal takeover. In other words, the speaker must play with the time. The aim of holding the turn is to avoid in getting lost when conducting the conversation.
Holding the turn is about how to speak hoping to seize opportunities, but for them to organize and plan what to say. Speakers need a few tools to help them avoid breakdowns, and use verbal padding or padding, silent pauses, word repetitions and new beginnings instead of alternating.

Yielding the Turn
The last strategy is to propose a counter strategy. Sometimes the speaker has to do this it turns out a little reluctant, but usually the speakers don't rotate lots of protests. The speaker asks the audience to respond Stenstrom as cited in Yanti (2017). Yielding the turn is divided into appealing strategies, prompting strategies, Give up strategy.

III. Research Methods
This type of research is qualitative method. According to Creswell (2007), qualitative research is an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups a scribe to a social or human problem (Purba and Herman, 2020;Nainggolan et al, 2021). The researchers used an approach of qualitative descriptive to describe the turn-taking strategies that included in conversation between Mr. Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy YouTube Channel. In this research, the researchers used a document or content analysis as a research type content analysis research method, since the data or the content of this research was in the form video of spoken words and sentences from the interview between Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy YouTube channel.
Data source is the subject from which the data can be found (Herman et al, 2018;Thao and Herman, 2020). The subjects of this research were Mr. Jokowi and Boy William and the object was turn-taking strategies found in that conversation. The data source in this research was conversation in YouTube channel that recorded by Boy William then it's uploaded in you tube on January 19, 2019 with a link https://youtu.be/So2db5jdCQ0 the video is for 15: 28 minutes. The data of this research will be presented in document, in which it will describe the analysis of turn-taking strategies.
In collecting the data, the researchers will do some steps, they were: 1. Downloading conversation between Mr. Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy you tube channel video. 2. Observing the conversation between host and guest. 3. Classifying the data into types of turn-taking strategies and the most dominant. 4. Analyzing and interpreting it by watching the video and trying to understand the video well.
The procedures in analyzing data were follows: Watching the video in several times to comprehend the types of turn-taking strategies that used by the participants in you tube. The researchers translated data to English and classifies the data transcription to mark in which part the participants used turn-taking strategies. After having the data of the turn-taking strategies used by Mr. Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy channel you tube, the researcher describes and interprets the data by give explanation based on theory. Drawing the conclusion.

Results
In this chapter, the researchers found some various types of turn-taking and the most dominant of turn-taking strategies. For the types and most dominant, the researcher analyzed by using Stenstrom as cited in Yanti (2017). Based on the table above, it can be seen that totally there were 28 data contained turn-taking strategies. In the conversation, interactions don't really need or use taking the turn because this strategy is only used when starting or taking over in a conversation and giving the other person the opportunity like in the hesitant start 1 time occurred in conversation showed that Hesitant start not used too much by interactants, it happened when the interactant is hesitant or there is no preparation to start a conversation and after that the next conversation is going well, Clean Start, Uptakes, Link, Alert, and there is no Meta-Comments because Boy or president Jokowi wait for his turn to speak and tries not to interrupt the other interactant's speaking because in a good conversation one should not interrupt someone's conversation let him or her finish it. Holding the turn is a strategy that is often used by speakers which is a way to maintain and keep the conversation going. In holding the turn there are several types, namely Filled pause which appears 3 times namely to maintain the conversation or when trying to continue the turn, Silent pause which appears 5 times in conversation the function of Filled pause and Repetition was the most used strategy up to 11 times in the conversation. The last strategy is yielding the turn, just as taking the turn is not used too much by interactants in conversation. This strategy is when the interactant takes a turn or allows the interactant to take a speaking turn, this is because the interactant does not know anymore to continue the conversation so that they yield the turn strategy such as prompting and giving up which only appears once and appealing appears twice in the conversation.

b. The Most Dominant Type of Turn-Taking Strategies
The researcher analyzed total of data was 28 data from the conversation it can be concluded, that the most dominant is Repetition that occurs 11 times from 28 data.

Discussion
The finding above showed the important turn-taking strategies in the conversation or social interaction. It becomes an important thing because turn-taking strategies had made the conversation flew well. In this research, the researcher analyzed the conversation between President Jokowi and Boy William. This research focused in conversation that contained of turntaking strategies which is used by President Jokowi and Boy William. The video took the duration for about 15 minutes and 28 seconds. From the conversation in the video, it can be seen that totally there were 28 data contained turn-taking strategies, they were Hesitant Start (4%), Clean Start (4%), Uptakes (4%), Link (4%), Alert (4%), Meta-Comments (-), Filled Pause (10%), Silent Pause (17%), Repetition (39%), Prompting (4%), Appealing (6%), Giving up (4%). It can be concluded, that the most dominant was Repetition that occurred for 11 times from 28 data.
Unlike the previous studies, Efrida (2017) as the student of state Islamic university syarif hidayatullah had done research about Turn-Taking Strategies in The Third Presidential Debate between Hillary Clinton vs Donald Trump In Las Vegas. In her research, she was curious about the turn-taking strategies in the third Presidential debate between Hillary Clinton vs Donald Trump in Las Vegas, the results showed that in this debate, there are 526 data categorized as turn taking strategies, 227 of which as taking the turn strategy (starting up, taking over, and interrupting), 184 holding the turn strategy (filled pause & verbal filler, silent pause, lexical repetition, new start) and 115 holding the turn strategy (prompting, appealing and giving up) were found in this debate. Then, Amira (2017) as a student of University Brawijaya, she investigated the turn taking strategies entitled Turn Taking Strategies Employed by The Main Characters Franklin Fdr Foster and Tuck Hansen in This Means War movie. In her research, she found that the main characters used three types of turn-taking, such as taking the turn, holding the turn, and yielding the turn. The dominant turn-taking used by the main character is prompting and taking over.
In addition, the differences between this research and the previous researches above which in the research problem and unit of analysis. Besides, this research will focus on the turntaking strategies using the theory of Stenstrom. Based on the theory of Stenstrom, turn-taking is classified into three type's strategies such as taking the turn strategy (starting up, take over, interrupting), holding the turn strategy (filled pause, silent pause, repetition) and yielding the turn strategy (prompting, appealing and giving up) and the most dominant type of turn-taking strategies in conversation between President Jokowi and Boy William in Nebeng Boy channel.

V. Conclusion
This part deals with the research questions in the chapter one namely the first question about types of turn-taking strategies. The researchers found three types of turn-taking strategies based on the theory of Stenstrom such as Taking the turn strategy (starting up: hesitant start, clean start; take over: uptakes, link; interrupting: alert, meta-comments), Holding the turn strategy (filled pause, silent pause, repetition) and yielding the turn strategy (prompting, appealing and giving up).
The result of the second research questions was to find the most dominant types of turntaking strategies that showed there are 28 data of turn-taking strategies used by President Jokowi and Boy William. From the conversation in the video, it can be seen that totally there are 28 data containing turn-taking strategies, they are Hesitant Start (4%), Clean Start (4%), Uptakes (4%), Link (4%), Alert (4%), Meta-Comments (-), Filled Pause (10%), Silent Pause (17%), Repetition (39%), Prompting (4%), Appealing (6%), Giving up (4%). It can be concluded, that the most dominant is Repetition that occurs 11 times from 28 data. This research concluded that President Jokowi applied most this type of holding the turn strategy namely repetition because he wanted declared Boy William's statement which going to say or to strengthen his statement.