Analysis of the Insertion Process in Crime News Theo Van Leeuwen's Critical Discourse Analysis Study

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I. Introduction
Language is one of the communication tools that humans use to interact in everyday life.Language is an arbitrary sound symbol system, and its presence is very close to society (Pranowo & Febriasari, 2020).According to (Kridalaksana, 2001:21) Language as a communication tool has an important role in human interaction.Language can be used by humans to convey ideas, thoughts, desires, feelings and experiences to others.Language is a form of embodiment of human civilization and culture, in a linguistics dictionary, language is an arbitrary unit of sound symbol used by a member of society to work together, interact and identify themselves.Furthermore, (Devianty Riana, 2017) language is a means of communication used to convey intentions, ideas, thoughts, or feelings to other people.
Humans need language as a means of communication.Language as a communication tool plays a very important role in human life because with language humans can interact and talk about anything.As a means of communication, language is not specified in detail in the form of separate sounds, phrases or sentences, but is discussed in the form of related sentences.A series of sentences that are related to one another is called discourse.Discourse is a series of related sentences connecting one proposition with another to form a single unit.The understanding of discourse which emphasizes the element of the connection between sentences, in addition to the relationship of propositions as a basis, implies that the configuration of meaning which explains the content of the communication of speech plays a very important role in the information contained in the discourse (Moeliono in Djajasudarma (2013: 3).
According to Yule (2015: 210) the word discourse is usually defined as "language outside of sentences" and because of its analysis discourse generally shows the study of language in texts and conversations.In many of the chapters we read, when we focus on linguistic explanations, we pay attention to the accurate representation of structural forms.However, as users of language, we are capable of much more than recognizing correct and incorrect meanings and structures.
To see whether there is power used in making discourse, critical discourse analysis is needed.According to Darman (2014: 99) suggests critical discourse analysis is an analysis of language in its use using a critical language paradigm.Critical discourse analysis or AWK is often seen as an opposition to descriptive discourse analysis which views discourse as a mere phenomenon of language texts.However, in AWK discourse is not understood solely as the study of language.However, AWK uses language in the text for analysis.Thus, the result is not to get an overview of linguistic aspects, but to relate them to context.In this case, AWK provides theories and methods that can be used to carry out empirical studies on the relationships between discourse and social and cultural development in different social domains.Thus, language is used for certain purposes and practices including power practices.
Discourse can be divided into two, namely spoken and written discourse.Oral discourse is found in electronic media, while written discourse is found in print media.One of the print media is newspapers.This is in accordance with the opinion (Alfanika, 2016) that oral discourse can be seen in electronic media, while written discourse can be seen in print media.One of the print media is newspapers.In knowing the latest information about something that is happening, people will read newspaper news.Newspapers contain news, opinion, and advertisements.The news written in newspapers is a reflection of the ideology of the journalist or mass media concerned so that by using Theo Van Leeuwen's exclusion strategy analysis, one can dismantle the ideology reflected in the news (Bestari, Artawan, & Yasa, 2014).
A journalist or journalist is someone who carries out journalism activities or someone who regularly writes news (in the form of reports) and his writings are sent/published in the mass media on a regular basis to be conveyed to the public.Unlike the incidents found in the field, not all journalists write news according to actual events, sometimes including power in their writing.That is, journalists write news to report on influential or powerful people.They will not dare to badmouth the perpetrator for fear of being reprimanded (Ellyawati, 2016).As an effort, to find out this, the writer wants to see further how journalists display or include actors in the news they will write.
Is there an element of power in his writing so that other groups are marginalized or vilified (Oktavia & Silitonga, 2016).To see how discourse writers display actors in discourse in the form of news, the authors use the inclusion theory put forward by Theo Van Leeuwen.The news that will be analyzed is the news of the murder which is found on the Online Tribun News news page.The reason why the writer took this theme, the researcher assumes that in writing news about murders in online news tribune news, the writer does not display the actor's name, but the writer changes the name to the suspect or perpetrator.
Related to critical discourse analysis.Van Leeuwen introduces 2 processes for analyzing discourse, these methods are the process of exclusion and; (2) entry process.This production process can indirectly change the public's understanding of an issue and legitimize a certain position of understanding.Say in the news about rape.Are women and men shown in their entirety, or are there parties excluded from the text, say if, for example, men are excluded from the text then the understanding that emerges is that it is not the men's fault.Rape is the woman's own problem, they are the cause of the rape.Eriyanto (2009:173-178) explains that there are several strategies an actor (a person or group) brings out in the conversation, some of which can be described as follows; (1).Exclusion is a central issue in discourse analysis.Basically, this exclusion is the process by which a certain group or actor is not involved in a conversation or discourse.The elimination of this social actor aims to protect himself.One classic way is to make sentences in the passive voice.Through the use of passive sentences, actors may not be present in the text, something that is not possible in active structured sentences.People only think of the victim rather than the perpetrator.Perpetrators can hide because they do not receive adequate attention.Here the subject and core of the conversation is the victim, not the perpetrator.
(2) nominalization is another discourse strategy that is often used to eliminate certain groups or social actors through nominalization.As the name implies, this strategy is related to changing verbs (verbs) into nouns (nouns).Generally done by giving the affix -pe-an.Nouns don't need a subject because they can exist independently of a sentence.In addition, nominalization can not only remove the position of the subject, it can even change the meaning of sentences when they are received by the audience (Himawan & Zamzani, 2022).
Related to critical discourse analysis.Van Leeuwen introduces 2 processes for analyzing discourse, these methods are the process of exclusion and; (2) entry process.This production process can indirectly change the public's understanding of an issue and legitimize a certain position of understanding.Say in the news about rape.Are women and men shown in their entirety, or are there parties excluded from the text, say if, for example, men are excluded from the text then the understanding that emerges is that it is not the men's fault.Rape is the woman's own problem they are the cause of the rape.
Nominalization does not need a subject because nominalization is basically a process of changing verbs which mean action/activity into nouns which mean events; (3) substitution of clauses for substitution of subjects can also be done by using clauses that also function as substitutes for actors.The addition of a clause can eliminate the existence of the subject/perpetrator of an event.This is done because writers/journalists generally believe and assume that the reading public knows who the perpetrators are.Because the audience is considered to know and for the sake of efficiency, the actor is eliminated.
In connection with the inclusion of Eriyanto (2009:178-191) explains that there are several kinds of discourse strategies that are carried out when something, a person, or a group is displayed in the text.These strategies are as follows; (a) Differentiation An event or a social actor can be displayed in the text independently, as a unique or distinctive event, but can also be made in contrast to displaying other events or actors in the text.According to Van Leeuwen, the presence (inclusion) of other events or groups other than those reported can be a good marker of how a group or event is represented in the text.The attendance of the group or other events was not good compared to other groups.This is a discourse strategy of how a group is cornered by presenting another group or discourse that is seen as more dominant or better.
This differentiation in its other form, often creates certain prejudices, especially by drawing a line between "us" and "them", we are good while they are bad; (b) Objectivation-Abstraction This element of discourse relates to the number of a demonstration which can be said to indicate a clear number, while abstraction is the number of a demonstration which is said to indicate an unclear number or by making an abstraction such as hundreds, thousands, or a great many; (c) Nomination-Category in a report about an actor (a person/group) or regarding a problem, it often happens that the actor's choice is shown as it is, or what is called is the category of the social actor.This category can be various that shows important characteristics of a person, it can be in the form of religion, status, physical form, and so on.
The category is actually not important because generally it will not affect the meaning to be conveyed to the audience.According to Van Leeuwen, what categories do you want to highlight in the news are often valuable information to find out more about the ideology of the media concerned.Often categorizing does not add any meaning or information; (d) The Nomination-Identification strategy of this discourse is almost similar to categorization, namely how a particular group, event, or action is defined.The difference is in identification, the process of defining is done by giving a clause as an explanation.Here, there are two propositions where the second proposition is an explanation or description of the first proposition.Generally associated with conjunctions such as: which, where.This is a discourse strategy for one person, group, or action that is given a bad explanation so that when it is accepted by the public it will be bad too; (e) Determinations-Indeterminations In reporting, actors or events are often clearly stated, but often it is also not clear (anonymous).This anonymity could be because journalists have not obtained sufficient evidence to write, so it is safer to write anonymously.It could also be due to structural fears if the clear category of a social actor is mentioned in the text.Whatever the reason, by forming this anonymity there is a different impression when it is accepted by the public.This is because anonymity makes generalizations, not specifics.This generalization effect is even greater if, for example, anonymous is used in the plural, such as many people, some people, and so on; (f) Assimilation-Individualization This discourse strategy relates to the question, whether the social actors reported are clearly indicated in their categories or not.Assimilation occurs when the news is not a specific social category that is mentioned in the news, but the community or social group in which a person belongs.
One of the effects of assimilation is the creation of a general opinion.The imaginative community in its extreme form will give rise to feelings of solidarity among the members of the community being reported on; (g) Associations-Dissociation This discourse strategy relates to the question, whether an actor or a party is shown alone or is he linked to another, larger group.This is a process that often occurs without us even realizing it.The association strategy makes meaning bigger (glorification) because associations make audiences imagine and connect imaginarily with the wider community.
Overall this study aims to find out critical discourse analysis related to criminal news with the theme of murder on the Tribune New.com page.In this regard, research on critical discourse analysis has been conducted by (Erawati et al., 2022); (Judge & Sulis Triyono, 2019); (Oktavia & Silitonga, 2016); (Raisma, 2022); (Alfaritsi et al., 2020).These studies are studies on critical discourse analysis based on several perspectives.The research conducted in this study is a complement to these studies to analyze critical discourse, based on Van Leeuwen's perspective.

II. Research Methods
This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods.The data method used in this study are phrases, clauses, and sentences related to the inclusive theory of Theo Van Leeuwen in the discourse on murder in the online news Tribun News.Com.The source of the data used in this study is the news of the murder contained in the news online Tribun News.Com.The data collection techniques used in this study were (1) reading and understanding the discourse on murder contained in the Online Tribun News.Com news (2) marking the parts about the murder related to Theo Van Leeuwen's inclusion theory in the Online Tribun News news.com.and (3) record sentences in the discourse related to Leeuwen's inclusive theory by using a data recording format.Data were analyzed by (1) identifying data according to Theo Van Leeuwen's theory of inclusion in the news Online Tribun News.Com, (2) classifying data based on theory, (3) analyzing data by noting related phrases, clauses or sentences with Theo Van Leeuwen's inclusion theory in Tribun News.Com Online news, (4) interpreting the data that has been analyzed according to Theo Van Leeuwen's inclusion theory, and finally (5) concludes the results of the data description by writing a report.

Inclusion Strategy in Crime News The theme of murder in the online news is Tribun News.Com
Theo Van Leeuwen's discourse analysis model generally displays the way various parties and actors are presented in the news.There are two centers of concern in this analysis model, namely exclusion and inclusion.However, this research is limited to the inclusion strategy, namely the process of bringing in actors related to the question of how each party or group is featured in the news.The inclusion process or also known as inclusion is divided into several strategies which include (a) differentiation, (b) objectivation-abstraction, (c) nomination-categorization, (d) nomination-identification, (e) determination-indetermination, (f) assimilation-individualization, and (9) association-dissociation.The application of the inclusion strategy in crime news with the theme of murder in the Tibun News.comOnline news can be seen in the following description.

a. Objectivasi
"It is said that the perpetrator attacked his mother with an ax in the back of the head twice."(Title Man in Solok Kills Mother and Sister, Claims to Get a Magical Whisper, Called Had Learned Black Magic" "When he saw the victim, the suspect immediately stabbed the victim with a knife-type sharp weapon, punched a hole in the right side of the victim's waist by 2 holes until it penetrated the victim's abdomen," said Iptu M Zuhdi (Title of Complete Confession of Youth in Bengkulu Killing Sibling Siblings So They Can Master Parents' Inheritance."In the re-construction, there are 25 scenes starting at the suspect's house" (Title Chronology of a Man Kills a Friend and then Throws the Body into the Well, Gets Scared and Burns the Evidence.(Kompas, 2022).
Based on these quotations, we can see that the journalist clearly stated the attack carried out by the actor, we can know this through the use of the word twice and as many as 2 holes, with this clear objectivation the audience will not give a different perception than what was reported., then through the quote above, we can also see that the journalist clearly stated the number of reconstructions carried out by the actor.We can see this from the use of the word "25 scenes" with a clear motivation that the reader will not give a perception regarding what is being reported.This is in line with the opinion (Erianto, 2009) which states that this element of discourse relates to the number of a demonstration which can be said to indicate a clear number, while abstraction is the number of a demonstration which is said to indicate an unclear number or by making an abstraction such as hundreds, thousands, or many.

b. Nomination-Category
Forms of nomination and categorization, can be seen through the following excerpts.Based on these quotations, it can be seen that the journalist clearly stated the examples of nominations.This can be seen from the emergence of the word "actor only once."The word lovebirds is still a general word, which does not clearly refer to a particular party.With regard to categorization, it can be seen in the quote "A man with the initials BE ( 24) and a man with the initials M (50).The sentence only mentions its own social.This is included in the nomination.

c. Asociali-Dissociation
Sentences that state associations can be seen through the following quotations.The sentence quote above is an example of indentification, because in the sentence above the actor is shown clearly.Actors are shown saying their names.So people can find out the identification of actors or perpetrators.Next, the sentence quote above is an example of indentation, because in the sentence above the actor is shown clearly.By displaying the actor's name clearly, the quote contains Dedi Irwansyah's sentence.

d. Assimilation
Assimilation can be seen from the following quote.
"The case of a husband killing his own wife occurred in Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu."The motive for this case was because the perpetrator was annoyed because the victim did not buy a motorbike.""Nine minors have been named as suspects in the case of maltreatment against FM which caused loss of life" This sentence is an example of individualization because in the news the categories of actors are clearly stated.From the use of the sentence above it is clear that one person who committed the murder was her own husband, and the motive for the murder was clarified in the second sentence.The sentence quote above is an example of assimilation, because in the sentence above the actor is not shown clearly.The actor is only mentioned with nine children.The use of the word nine children is still common.So it's not clear to whom.

e. Association
Association can be seen through the following quotation.
After reporting this incident, residents arrested Marwan Syahputra who was suspected of having committed the murder.Apart from Marwan, his wife and parents were also taken to the Polsek for interrogation regarding the discovery of these bones."While the perpetrators of the murder who have been arrested are a man with the initials FR ( 21) and a woman DF ( 18)" The sentence quoted above is an example of association, because in the sentence above the actor is linked to another actor.The FR actor is linked to the FD actor.Based on the quotation above, it is clear that in writing news headlines, journalists hide the perpetrators and always use the passive voice.However, as a whole, news writers are no longer in favor of actors or perpetrators.News reporters have sided with the victims.To find out the bias of journalists towards victims, it can be seen from the punishments or sanctions given to the perpetrators according to their mistakes or the crimes they committed.

IV. Conclusion
Based on the research findings and discussion, it can be concluded that the form of Theo Van Leeuwen's inclusioan theory found in ten crime news headlines with the theme of murder in the Oline Tribun News.Com news is as follows (1) use of the theory of objectification -abstraction totaling 3 data (2) use of theory nomination -categorization totals 3 data (3) the use of the theory of determination -indermination amounts to 2 data (4) the use of the theory of assimilation -individualization amounts to two data (5) the use of the theory of association -dissociation amounts to three data.Based on the findings from the analysis, it can be concluded that in writing criminal news with the theme of murder as a whole, the writer (reporter) is no longer on the side of the actor or perpetrator, but the news writer is on the side of the victim.The bias of journalists towards victims can be seen from the punishments given to actors or perpetrators for the crimes they have committed.It is hoped that the findings from this research will have a positive impact on writing news and be useful for developing knowledge, especially in analyzing critical discourse.The researcher gives advice to readers and also to several parties as follows: (1) as a reader when reading information on online news, don't trust the writing too much, you should first find out what the truth is or analyze it according to Theo Van Leeuwen's inclusion theory, ( 2) those who are interested in researching critical discourse analysis are expected to use different objects in research so that they can add to the knowledge and insights of academics and readers in general.
"The police have arrested a couple in relation to the murder case of a man in Tangerang City, Banten" (Title A Couple Conducts a Premeditated Murder in Tangerang Initially, the Victim was Framed by an Ex-Girlfriend.Friday 3 June 2022)."Themanwiththeinitials BE (24), a resident of Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province has the heart to kill Jamenom (45) who is his older sibling in order to get his parents' inheritance" (Title Complete Confession of Youth in Bengkulu Kills Sibling Siblings So They Can Master Parents' Inheritance.Tuesday 14 June 2022 )."A man with the initials M (50), the perpetrator of the murder of his mother and younger sibling in Jorong Koto Tuo, Nagari Sepanjang, X Koto di Atas District, Solok Regency, West Sumatra (West Sumatra), had studied heresy or black magic before killing members of his family.the.
"A teenager with the initials HH (17) was arrested by the police for killing a chili thief" In making news headlines, journalists always hide actors, they never mention actors' names, actors' names are changed to perpetrators so that journalists seem to be hiding perpetrators.Apart from writing titles, journalists always use the passive voice.This can be proven from some of the quotes below."17-Year-Old Teen Kills Chili Thief, Offers Help to Neighbors and Secretly Takes Sickles" "A Couple Committed a Premeditated Murder in Tangerang Initially, the Victim was Trapped by an Ex-Girlfriend" "Nine Minors in Sinjai Named as Murder Suspects"