Appraisal on Editorial Texts Related To Covid-19 in Newspaper in Dairi

: This thesis aims to analyze the type and realization of Appraisal in the analysis of the content of the editorial texts of Dairi newspapers to find out the comparisons in each electronic newspaper by applying the three elements of Appraisal (attitude, positioning, and graduation). This research applies descriptive qualitative by using interactive model and document study as data collection. The data sources of this research are 20 phenomenal news texts from four different electronic newspapers and the data used in carrying out this research are the words, clauses contained in the text of the electronic newspaper. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the Appraisal contained in the editorial text of the regional electronic newspaper consisted of the engagement category with 97 clauses (29%), the judgment category with 94 clauses (28%), the appreciation category with 62 clauses (18%), the graduation category as much as 61 clauses (18%), and the last is the Affect category with 23 clauses (7%). Based on these findings, the subsystem that dominates the news text is the engagement subsystem.


I. Introduction
The mass media as a means of conveying information has various types, ranging from paper newspapers, electronic newspapers, radio, television, and social media.In each news item that is displayed, the word structure is also clearly different.It is very possible for people to have different opinions and perspectives on the news.People usually prefer to access news through several newspaper sites on the internet, for reasons of practicality and the updating of the information rather than accessing news through paper newspapers.Electronic newspapers or digital newspapers are newspapers in electronic format that can be accessed by computer or mobile phone.Mass media as a tool used in conveying messages from sources to audiences by using mechanical communication tools such as newspapers, films, radio.
In the current era of technological sophistication, people are competing to find out what is going on and be up to date.Thus, the reading public will not miss any news, both local and foreign news by accessing electronic newspapers because of their practicality and convenience.At this time, many people are concerned about a very deadly and frightening disease, Corona Virus Disease or commonly called Covid-19.This disease has spread worldwide and infected up to millions of people and not a few who were infected with this virus survived and died.The news about Covid-19 that has been covered by all media, both local and foreign media, is of course different in the choice of words.
To find out how the writer influences his readers can be analyzed through Appraisal analysis approach.Through the Appraisal analysis approach, the development of Systemic Functional Grammar theory in the realm of interpersonal meaning, it can be seen what attitudes are contained in the text.Appraisal is a form of interpersonal meaning that focuses on evaluating attitudes contained in a text.Appraisal is used to negotiate social relations between human beings, by telling readers about what is felt about objects and people (Ika, 2015).
In this study, the authors took the editorial text of the Covid-19 case because it is currently very hotly discussed in society because this virus is a very deadly and life-threatening virus, and not a few lives have not been saved due to being infected with this virus.The spread of this virus has reached all corners of the world; therefore it is called a pandemic.In the Wellness and Healthy Magazine article entitled Corona Virus Diseases  written by Yuliana (2020) reviews the outbreak of a new virus called the 2019 novel corona virus (2019) n-CoV originating from Wuhan, China which is currently It has been confirmed that 65 countries have contracted this virus (WHO data, 1 March 2020).This has shocked the world, including Indonesia, which is getting more and more infected with this virus.
Based on the background above, the author is interested in analyzing news texts related to Covid-19 using an Appraisal analysis approach.By using the Appraisal theory, it is hoped that the writer will be able to tell the reader about attitudes and feelings towards the co-19 news text.

Appraisals
Appraisal is one of the three main sources of discourse semantics that describe interpersonal meaning besides involvement and negotiation.Appraisal is divided into three domains, namely attitude, graduation and positioning.The emergence of Appraisal theory (TA) is due to the lack of sharpness in the analysis of interpersonal meaning carried out in systemic functional linguistics (LSF) which is only descriptive and limited in the division of moods and residues where mood consists of subjects and finite verbs, while residues are other elements in clauses outside the mood (White 1998).In analyzing appraisal there are 3 important aspects, namely attitude, positioning, and graduation.In the aspect of attitude there is Affect, judgment, and appreciation.

a. Affect
Affect is an assessment of both positive and negative related to feelings towards something being discussed or related to the expression of emotions (Martin, 1996;Martin & Rose, 2003;White, 2001, in Wiedarti, 2006: 3).Hope & Read (via Wiedarti, 2006: 4) suggests that Affect (feelings) can be divided into inclination/dis (tendency/opposite) in the form of desire and fear, un/happiness (unhappiness/pleasure) in the form of pleasure and sadness, in /security (insecurity/security) in the form of a feeling of confidence and anxiety, dis/satisfaction (dissatisfaction/satisfaction) in the form of a feeling of disappointment, relief, satisfaction.

b. Judgment
Judgmentis a matter of both positive and negative judgments relating to behavior towards something being discussed, according to Martin, 1996;Martin & Rose, 2003;White, 2001(in Wiedarti, 2006: 3).Judgment consists of esteem (good behavior) and sanction (agree with a statement).Esteem consists of normality (normality) in the form of behavior, capacity (capacity) in the form of strong & weak, while tenacity (resilience) in the form of firm and courageous behavior.Sanctions consist of veracity (honesty) in the form of honest or dishonest behavior, and propriety (decency) in the form of evil or inappropriate behavior.For judgment, as far as resources are gradable, the level is related to the adjustment of the level of evaluation -how strong/weak is the feeling.

c. Appreciation
Appreciation is an assessment in the form of appreciation for a thing or object for something being discussed.Hope & Read argues that appreciation consists of positive and negative, including reaction S (reaction), composition, and valuation (assessment).Reaction (reaction) is divided into impact (strong influence) and quality (properties).Impact is indicated by an exciting or boring reaction, while quality is a positive/negative reaction.Composition (composition) is divided into balance (balanced) and complexity.Balance in the form of one unit, dispute, while complexity (level of complexity) in the form of simplicity.Valuation (assessment) is in the form of deep and shallow, according to Martin, 1996;Martin & Rose, 2003;White, 2001.The same thing was stated by Martin & Rose: 2003, types of appreciation include reaction: impact, reaction: quality, composition: balance, composition: complexity, and valuation.So, appreciation is an assessment that can be either positive or negative.

d. Graduation
Graduation (level) is an assessment related to how the statement is expressed on something that is discussed either directly or indirectly.Hope & Read divides graduation into two systems, namely force, focus and negation.

III. Research Method
The research method used in this research is qualitative using an interactive model by Miles and Haberman: 1994.The source of the research data was obtained from the websites of 4 newspapers namely; Dairinews, Dairipers, Dairi Baru, and Sinar Pagi Newspaper.Data collection techniques used by observation and data documentation.Meanwhile, data analysis techniques were carried out through 4 stages, namely data collection, data presentation, data compaction, withdrawal/verification, and finally drawing conclusions.

IV. Result and Discussion
Based on the research results, the authors found 5 Appraisal subsystems, namely Affect, judgment, appreciation, graduation and engagement.

Affect
Affect is a form of expression associated with emotions or feelings.Affect is categorized into positive Affect and negative Affect related to good and bad traits.The following shows the results of data analysis included in the category.The following are the results of the analysis found from the 4 types of newspapers in Dairi: Based on the results of the data analysis above, the words or phrases included in the affect subsystem in the newspaper in Dairi are obtained which are shown in table 1 that the editorial text of the Dairi News type of newspaper is the most dominant editorial text compared to the three editorial texts of Dairi newspaper, namely 30.4%.Meanwhile, the assessment of feelings and emotions was the lowest in the editorial texts of Dairi Pers and Sinar Pagi Newspaper, namely 21.7%.

Judgments
Judgment is an assessment of both positive and negative relating to the behavior or morals of a person in a particular context.The following shows the results of data analysis included in the judgment category.The following are the results of the analysis found from the 4 types of newspapers in Dairi: Based on the results of the data analysis above, the words or phrases included in the judgment subsystem for newspapers in Dairi are obtained as shown in table 2 that the editorial text for the Dairi News type of newspaper is the most dominant editorial text compared to the three editorial texts for Dairi newspaper, namely 31.9%.Meanwhile, both positive and negative ratings related to one's behavior towards other people were the lowest in the Dairi Pers editorial text, namely 11.3%.

Appreciation
Appreciation used to assess or respond to an object, product, or process.Appreciation can be in the form of negative judgments and positive assessments.The following is the result of data analysis that is included in the appreciation category.The following are the results of the analysis found from the 4 types of newspapers in Dairi: Based on the results of the data analysis above, the words or phrases included in the appreciation subsystem for the newspaper in Dairi are obtained as shown in table 3 that the editorial text for the Dairi Baru type of newspaper is the most dominant editorial text compared to the three editorial texts for Dairi newspaper, namely 33.3%.Meanwhile, the lowest assessment or attitude towards a process, object or product in the Dairi Pers editorial text is 13%.

Graduation
Graduation is the level of judgment related to how the statement is expressed regarding something that is being discussed either directly or indirectly.Graduation consists of a Force that defines the existence of a level or unequal.Focus on emphasizing a particular thing or thing.Then there are modalities consisting of Negation, Intentional, Deontic, and Dynamic.The following is the result of data analysis identified in the graduation category.The following are the results of the analysis found from the 4 types of newspapers in Dairi: Based on the results of the data analysis above, the words or phrases included in the graduation subsystem for newspapers in Dairi are obtained as shown in table 4 that the editorial text for the Dairi News type of newspaper is the most dominant editorial text compared to the three editorial texts for Dairi newspaper, namely 39%.Meanwhile, the level of assessment related to statements disclosed on a matter that is being discussed, either directly or indirectly, is the lowest in the Dairi Pers editorial text, namely 10.9%.

Engagements
Engagement is a positioning that can be in the form of denial or resistance, statement, and possibility in a context.The following is the result of data analysis that is included in the engagement category.The following are the results of the analysis found from the 4 types of newspapers in Dairi: Based on the results of the data analysis above, the words or phrases included in the engagement subsystem in the newspaper in Dairi are obtained as shown in table 5 that the editorial text in the type of newspaper Sinar Pagi newspaper is the most dominant editorial text compared to the three editorial texts of Dairi newspaper namely 33.3%.Meanwhile, positioning which can be in the form of denial, resistance, statement, and possibility in a context is lowest in editorial text, namely Dairi Pers, which is 18.75%.

V. Conclusion
Appraisal system contained in the textthe news editorial of regional electronic newspapers consists of the engagement category with 97 clauses (29%), the judgment category with 94 clauses (28%), the appreciation category with 62 clauses (18%), the graduation category with 61 clauses (18%), and finally is an Affect category of 23 clauses (7%).Based on these findings, the type of subsystem that dominates in the news text is the engagement subsystem.Engagement is used to position the author when conducting an assessment of an event, process.Engagement which can be in the form of denying an incident, rejecting an opinion, stating a fact that has been proven true and cannot be contested, accepts the condition or process, and is also a reference.

Table 1 .
Affect in Editorial Texts on Newspapers in Dairi No. Dairi Newspaper Editorial Text Amount Dr Eddy Berutu asked the Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling Covid-19still Spirit carrying out duties and responsibilities." Affectnegative Data "The suspect in the case of alleged extortion of social assistance money (bansos) Covid in Buluduri Village, Lae Parira District, with the initials EA, poured out his heart and fatigue to the Head of North Sumatra Dairi Police, AKBP Leonardo Simatupang." a. Affect in the editorial text of the electronic newspaper Dairinews  Affectpositive Data Don confessed Concerned for people affected by the pandemic and negligent handling.""c.Affectin the text of the Dairi Baru electronic newspaper AffectThe positive and negative editorial texts of the Dairi Baru electronic newspaper have been included in the data above.d.Affectin the editorial text of the electronic newspaper Dairi Sinar Pagi  Affectpositive Data "All parties are expected to have awareness and concern to comply with health protocols in everyday life" Data "Journalist want to know, what concrete steps have been taken including towards medical personnel, family and relatives.

Table 2 .
Judgment in the Editorial Text of the Dairi Newspaper .Judgmentin the editorial text of the Dairi Baru electronic newspaper  Judgmentpositive Data "Member of the Republic of Indonesia DPR, Junimart Girsang hopes, technical agencies swiftly respond public complaints." Data"Eddy Berutu asked the Task Force Team for the Acceleration of Handling Covid-19 to remain enthusiastic about carrying out their duties and responsibility."Data"JunimartGirsangapologizebecause they could not directly hand over the aid to the Task Force or to the pedicab and angkot drivers."Data"Patientmotivated to stay strong in the face of health problems."JudgmentnegativeJudgmentThenegatives on the Dairipers electronic newspaper have been covered in the previous data.c

Table 3 .
Appreciation in Editorial Texts in the Dairi Newspaper No.

Table 4 .
Graduation in the Editorial Text of the Dairi Newspaper This step has been taken To use Minimize the possibility of spreading the corona virus  Deontic Data "The medical team at Sidikalang General Hospital with complaints from patients must still refer to Adam Malik General Hospital."Eddy invites the people of Dairi Regency to improve discipline, so that the trend of the development of our Covid-19 cases is decreasing"  negation Data "So that the development trend of the Covid-19 case not up again, he said."Intentional Data "Head of the Health Service, Rusppal Simarmata via electronic message request it was asked to the secretary.
 negationData "But I also only get Rp. 100 thousand, No IDR 600 thousand".Data"He said to be picked up at 4 pm, but Not yet come too" 

Table 5 .
Engagement in the Editorial Text of the Dairi Newspaper Engagement in the editorial text of the electronic newspaper Sinar Pagi Newspaper  Denial or resistance Data "Erna asked for the provision of personal protective equipment and rapid tests to deal with the national emergency situation of the corona virus, However Erna instead received inappropriate remarks."Data "This woman feels humiliated whereas his aspiration is for the safety of all, including medical personnel." Statement Data "From April 1 2020 to June 16 2020, 110 meetings have been held which were attended by more than 1,705 people."Data "Head of the Communications and Informatics Service of Dairi Regency, North Sumatra, Rahmatsyah Munthe told reporters at the Sidikalang Church Street office, explaining that currently 4 residents of this autonomous region have tested positive for COVID-19."Data "Based on Erna's statement and several witnesses, it was explained that on April 6 2020 a meeting of medical staff led by CSB took place."