Transition Words Progression of Written Texts Made by the Second-Semester Students of the English Study Program of FKIP Saint Thomas University in Academic Year 2019/2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/biolae.v3i1.407 Abstract: This research is written to achieve an objective as follow: (1) to find out the progression of transitional in writing text has been made by the second semester of English Education Study Program in academic 2018/2019. The writer used descriptive qualitative research to give description systematically and factually about facts of a certain population. The researcher determines that the design is descriptive quantitative method because it describes the data that is taken from the sample, and the results of the data were tabulated in the form of percentage. There were 18 students (90%) agreed that transition words were used to connect the sentences. There were 20 (100%) students (90%) agreed that transition words were used to organize the sentences. There were 17 students (85%) agreed that transition words were used to remember about the topic. There were 20 (100%) students agreed that transition words were used to tell the experience, and there were 20 (100%) students agreed transition words were used to enhance the connections between facts.


I. Introduction
Writing in general provides a relatively permanent record of information, opinions, beliefs, personal experiences, feelings, arguments, explanations, and theories. For this reason, the writer must have a clear concept of what to convey to the readers and should be fully developed to the all the basic rules. Since the writing involves making an utterances visible. So, to make the audience or the reader understand their written production in the appropriate way, students or writers in general have to pay particular attention to their writing in terms of clarity, unity, different writing mechanics, word choice, and organization which all may lead to successful result by making their readers grasp the right intended meanings.
Many people have the mistaken idea that good writers simply sit down and write out a perfect letter, paragraph, or essay from start to finish. Good writing has a certain flow and natural progression. Transitional expression is essential to creating the progression and allowing the writer to connect ideas and introduce others. Additionally, they allow the writer to shift to a new idea, create contrast, opposition or emphasis, or to conclude the line argument. Ruday (2016:61) transitional language is an important tool for effective narrative writing. By this strategy enables students to enhance the clarity of a narrative by establishing relationships between pieces of information, maximizing a piece"s sense of flow, and illustrating the order in which events occur. the writers respond to specific rhetorical situation, which are inherently social, as it is a result of individual skill. It means, the effectiveness as a writer depends not only on the effort we put into a writing task but also on the way we put fit in and respond to the social situations in which we are completing the task.

Teaching Writing
According to Hyland (2003:99) teaching writing is not only about planning and making a course but it needs some orientations based on the aspects of writing in each organizing the writing teaching. The orientation on teaching is focusing on language structures, text function, and theme, creative expression, composing process, content and genre. In line with Hyland, Harmer (2007:38-39) proposes some strategies which can be considered by teachers in dealing with teaching of writing:

a. The Way the Teacher Gets Students to Plan
Before starting to write, the teacher may support students to think about what they want to write. The teacher can help students in building their knowledge before they start writing.

b. The Way the Teacher Encourages Students to Draft, Reflect, and Revise
The teacher can involve students to collaborative writing activity as it allows students to draft, reflect, and revise. This way enables students to respond to other students" writing.

c. The Way the Teacher Responds to the Students
At this point, the teacher can help students by giving suggestions to students" draft. Teacher"s suggestion can be very useful to make some betterment in students" writing.

Paragraph
Many of the elements in longer pieces of writing such as essays are found in the paragraph. Thus, the paragraph is a good model to use before learning to write longer pieces. Feng-checkett and Checkett (2010: 133) state a paragraph is a group of sentences concerned with developing or expressing a single topic (one main idea). According to Zemach and Islam (2006:9) a paragraph is a group of about 6-12 sentences about one topic. Every sentence in a strong paragraph is about the same topic. All the sentences explain the writer the writer"s main idea about the topic. Therefore, a paragraph can give information, tell a n opinion, explain something, or even tell a short story. They also add specific information that in academic writing, a paragraph has a topic sentence that directly tells the reader the main idea. The other sentence in the paragraph, called supporting sentences, give more information about the topic.

Writing Paragraph
According to Feng-checkett and Checkett (2010: 133) the key to writing a good paragraph is to make it long enough to develop the topic. This paragraph is between four and fifteen sentences in length, and is describing the elements that make up the paragraph. There are five elements that we should consider in the paragraph: first, logical order of events, second, transitional expressions, third, the key concept repetition, fourth, substituting pronouns for nouns, and the fifth, parallelism.

Transitional a. Types of Transition
According to Joshi (2014) there are two types of transitional expressions: (1) Transitional words, (2) Transitional Phrases.
1. Transitional words that are used to link or join two or more clauses. Functioning as transitional words, conjunctive adverbs are commonly used to join independent clauses in compound sentences. 2. Transitional phrases are formed of "group of words" and are used to join independent clauses in compound sentences. Joshi (2014) there are numerous transitional words and transitional phrases expression based on logical relationship they express: 1. List of Useful "Transitional words" based on logical relationship they express:

Research Design
In this study the writer used descriptive qualitative research to answer the problems statements that have been stated in the first chapter. Descriptive research is a method which involves observing and describing the data. The term descriptive research refers to the type of research question design and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic.

Subject of Research
This study conducted at Saint Thomas University of English Language and Education with the total sample 26 students at the second semester.

Data Collecting
In collecting the data in this study, the writer used some steps. The first one was by collecting the result of students" essays with the free topic. The second, finding the transitional used in each of essays made by the students. And the last, the writer collecting the classifying of the transitional that found in the students" sheet and arrange them based on the types and function, and in the analyzing of the data in this research, the writer read one by one of the students" writing sheet in order to find out the form of translation that used by student in assays text.

Data Analysis
In analyzing the data in this study, the writer classified the form of transitional types that already formulated in chapter two. After the transition found in the assay text, the writer put them in the form of table list and describing the appropriateness of transitional in each assay. If the item of transitional correct or incorrect to connect the sentences in paragraph and how the transitional able to develop and connect the main idea and supporting sentence from one idea to another idea. The last steps, the writer calculating and counting the frequency of transitional appears in essays text.

Data and Data Sources
The data in this study could be categorized into event, place, person and informant or artifact. And the data source of this study that the writers used were information found in writing or documents.

Results
The data described in this finding was taken from the second semester of English Education Study Program in academic year 2018/2019 in their writing text. The title of thei r writing text were: Indonesian Education Now, Essay in National Examination, Should Students Take Part-time Jobs?, The Impact Quality of University in Era Millenial 4.0, and Full Day School. The data were analyzed in the form of qualitative as follows: Maybe you feel you are too old for fairs or you just don"t like them. The world of education has intensified with the discourse of the full school system or known as full day school. Explanation: It showed the choice that the readers could follow that containing the ideas. Sometimes, it could be the similarities between two things. For example: full school system or full day school.

2.
And 50 And the only exception to reach the goal is a knowledge. Every years, the students have already graduated from seniority levels, and they will continuous study to the university. Explanation: It indicated the connection between tow sentences, generally with the same grammatical function or type. It was used to provide a support condition with the previous ideas. 3.
In addition 2 In addition, the government also needs to conduct socialization to teachers to change the teaching methods that are fun.
In addition to the problem of cost, student awareness of learning interest is lacking and facilities are inadequate. Explanation: It introduced additional information for the previous ideas.

4.
Also 8 The limitation on the number of teachers also seems to be a -34-major influence on each of the basic education in each region. The education curriculum in Indonesia is also a problem that must be connected. Explanation: It showed the additional information for the previous ideas. 5.
Moreover 2 Moreover, a part-time job can really interfere with the students" free time.
Moreover, having less time for schoolwork becomes the main negative effect. Explanation: It showed the additional information which was the most important to be noted. 6.
Both 2 There needs to be an institution that helps the government to improve the quality of education, both to seek cooperation in obtaining education funding, and gather support for better education. Young people need both education and organized activities. Explanation: It referred to two people and things with the same function in a sentence. I studied for the test, but I do not think I did well. Explanation: It indicated "unless" or the contradiction (sometimes followed by a cause).

4.
As well as 1 The result of training and hard work of the teacher council as well as the school committee who always upholds the commitment to educate their students better. Explanation: It indicated to the same extent, as much as.

5.
Consequently 2 Consequently, many students who work part time fail to perform at their best both on schoolwork and on examination.
Consequently, I need more time to prepare my lesson tan other people in my class. Explanation: It indicated as a result, effect, or outcome.

6.
Even 4 Even if you don"t have much money, you don"t have to worry.
Education in Indonesia is still said to be not scattered even in some areas there are places less teaching are still worthy. Explanation: It indicated on the same level or still. 7.
Eventhough 2 Even though you may be busy, you still want to relax and have fun with us. Even though the university has all facilities such as cupboard, infocus, network, fan to support the students" skill. Explanation: It indicated in spite of the fact that and used in introducing subordinate clause, which was often marked by ellipsis. 8.
Compared to 1 Compared to other countries, Indonesia is still less in terms of education when in the presence of decent education will grow the acquisition of the nation. Explanation: This indicated to examine two or more objects, ideas, people, etc, in order to note similarities and differences. 9.
In line with 2 This is in line with the definition of education expressed by Ki Hajar Dewantara. The skill and knowledge is in line with the students" successes. Explanation: This indicated to take the same position with previous ideas or after ideas.

1.
Such as 3 Such as brawls, juvenile deliguency, radical understanding, and so on. While in Indonesia, the number of people who get education alone who get education is still far behind with other countries, especially in disadvantages areas such as NTB, NTT, Papua, and many other areas. Explanation: This indicated to introduces a sample of ideas.

2.
Namely 1 Even Indonesia itself is still inferior to our neighboring countries, namely Malaysia and Singapore in the field of education. Explanation: This indicated to introduces a sample of ideas. Another effect is that we have to find our way around the city, so we have to know the main parts of city. Life is choice, so it is the main reason why the students are carefully to choose the best university, which can to improve and build their skill and knowledge for their future later. Explanation: This indicated in order that or with the result that.

2.
Therefore 4 Therefore, today"s education must be implemented with the aim of guiding students to become better, not even demanded outside their capacity. Therefore, the government needs to review before implementing the policy. Explanation: This indicated in consequence of that, or as a result. 3.
Because of 3 There are 1.080.000 student quited their study because of the high cost education. The underdevelopment of education in these areas because of unequal education in the state of Indonesia. Explanation: This indicated causal and effect relationship in a sentence Lately, the world of education has intensified with the discourse of the full school system or known as full day school. Explanation: This indicated recently or not long since.

2.
On the scope of 1 On the scope of the state, education is the main instrument in the information of future generation. Explanation: This indicated the concentration of or the point of view about something.

3.
Before 3 You"d better think a hundred times before you decide to take a part time job. It depends on the students before they had given a contribution to the university. Explanation: This showed chronological order relation. This transitional words showed the ideas in order of their occurrence in time. In this sentence, this transitional word introduces one main thing that must be done before doing another thing. 4.
Then 1 The school fair is a community event, and then process are kept low. Explanation: This indicated at the time or afterward.

1.
In conclusion 1 In conclusion, this is a bad situation if Indonesia wants to be developed country, we must get the better education first. Explanation: This indicated a summarization of paragraph. It was generally attached in the last sentence in a text. As 20 Most people consider National Examination as "a disaster" for the student as it is more difficult for them to answer the items in the test. Education is the strongest way to be survive as the key to assess of someone"s successes. Explanation: This indicated the result of something with its reason.

2.
So that 4 Education is able to guide all natural forces that exist in learners, so that later they can become humans who are able to achieve the highest safety and happiness in life.
All have an impact on education in Indonesia so that it becomes uneven and left behind to compete with other countries. Explanation: This indicated as a subordinate clause to show a purpose or to give an explanation. In the format Sentence 1, "so that" Sentence 2, the first sentence was the action/cause and the second was the intended result/effect. In accordance with the policy put forward by Muhadjir Effendi as Minister of Education and Culture who said that students would be at school from 07.00 to 17.00. Explanation: This indicated a way that agreed with or followed something.

2.
Based on the fact 2 Based on the fact, the education which as the main factor to build the great generation.
Based on the order of the best tertiary institutions in Indonesia, Universitas Indonesia ranks first. Explanation: This indicated to follow something according to.

3.
In line with 2 This is in line with the definition of education expressed by Ki Hajar Dewantara. The school committee always upholds the commitment in line with the education to better for students. Explanation: This indicated with similar to, or at the same level as something. 4.
In order to 2 In order to conduct this type of evaluation, the teacher or the test maker need to provide some possible answer that may occur during the test.
In order to get an easy access to knowledge, university provides the students the complete facilities. Explanation: This indicated to express the purpose of something. Adding "in order to" made the sentence feel more natural and easier to read.

5.
Besides that 1 Besides that another achievement that was no less proud, was the champion in the field of sport, arts, and environment. Explanation: This indicated together with or as well as. transition words were used to tell the experience with percentage 100% (20 students), with the following explanations: (a) The function of transition words was to arrange the ideas in a chronological order, so that the students felt easy to determine the general issue to specific issue for their writing text, (b) The essay would interest the readers if the writer had a good ability in organizing the ideas. (5) Students agreed that transition words were used to enhance the connections between facts with percentage 100% (20 students), with the following explanations: (a) It helped to provide strong evidence in argumentative papers or added some interesting details in narrative or descriptive essays, (b) It could develop students" writing significant points to readers by referencing relevant materials from previous paragraph to connect all paragraphs. (6) Students agreed that transition words were used to enhance the connections between facts with percentage 90% (18 students), with the following explanations: (a) It was used to describe a consequence or implication of the idea in the preceding paragraph, (b) The transition words linked the relationship between the new information and the known information.

V. Conclusion
The total of transitional words that were used by 20 students of the second semester of English Education Study Program in academic year 2018/2019 in their writing text was 152 transitional words. The result of analysis found that the progression of transitional words in writing text. There were several contributions of why the students using transitional words in writing text, such as: (1) Students agreed that transition words were used to connect the sentences with percentage 90% (18 students), with the following explanations: (a) They would easy to put the ideas or supporting details by using the transition words, (b) The students could easily attract the reader"s attention by providing the supporting details to support the time as it had mentioned before. (2) Students agreed that transition words were used to organize the sentences with percentage 100% (20 students), with the following explanations: (a) It was the way to organize the idea and supporting details in each paragraph, (b) They believed that the readers would easy to follow their ideas. (3) Students agreed that transition words were used to remember about the topic with percentage 85% (17 students), with the following explanations: (a) It was a necessity to explain the topic in the beginning, middle, or last paragraph in their writing text easily. For example: Firstly in the beginning paragraph or In conclusion to summarize paragraph. (4) Students agreed that transition words were used to tell the experience with percentage 100% (20 students), with the following explanations: (a) The function of transition words was to arrange the ideas in a chronological order, so that the students felt easy to determine the general issue to specific issue for their writing text, (b) The essay would interest the readers if the writer had a good ability in organizing the ideas. (5) Students agreed that transition words were used to enhance the connections between facts with percentage 100% (20 students), with the following explanations: (a) It helped to provide strong evidence in argumentative papers or added some interesting details in narrative or descriptive essays, (b) It could develop students" writing significant points to readers by referencing relevant materials from previous paragraph to connect all paragraphs. (6) Students agreed that transition words were used to enhance the connections between facts with percentage 90% (18 students), with the following explanations: (a) It was used to describe a consequence or implication of the idea in the preceding paragraph, (b) The transition words linked the relationship between the new information and the known information.