Ethno-Religious Conflict and the Quest for Peace in a Plural Society in Africa
Keywords:
ethnicity; plural societies; religion; conflict; Africa
Abstract
This article examines the elusive search for peace in a plural Society in Africa, amid persistent ethno-religious conflicts and violent attacks in eminent. The central thesis of this article focused on why existing theoretical perspectives on the nature and management of ethnoreligious conflicts in Africa have disappointed expectations, and what is required to achieve peace among plural African societies. This article used Nigeria as a case study. The research argues that conflict resolution has an ontological dimension and that achieving peace in plural societies requires a process of genuine orientation that reworks the human consciousness to accept the inevitability of the 'Other' both to the self and its aspirations for survival. This research employs the method of textual and critical analysis in carrying out this research.
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References
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Bassey, S. A., & Pimaro Jr, T. M. (2019). Enyimba’s Notion of Madukaku and The Question of Anthropocentricism In African Environmental Ethics.
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Ejizu, C.J. (1993). Religion and Politics in Nigeria: The Perspective of the Indigenous Religions. In Abubakre RD et al (eds.) Religion and Politics in Nigeria.
Fox, J. (1999). “Do religious institutions support violence or the status-quo?.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 22 (2), 119-139.
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Haynes, J. (1994). Religion in third world politics. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Horton RF (1960). “A definition of Religion and its Uses.” J. Royal Anthropological Institute., 87: 370-383.
Huntington, S. (1993). “The clash of civilizations?.” Foreign Affairs, 72 (3)22-49.
Ikegbu, E. A., Ogar, J. N., & Inyang, J. O. (2009). Nigeria’s ethnic diversity and its proneness to conflict and violence. Ndunode: Calabar Journals of the Humanities, 8, 109-182.
Isiramen, C .O. (2010). “Religious crisis and development in Nigeria” in Isiramen, C .O, Imaekhai F.J. and Igboin B.O. (eds) Religion and the Nigerian Nation: Some topical issues. Ibadan: Enjoy Press & Books.com/amar/pdf/parish.pdf
Kadayifci-Orellana, S. A., (2009). “Ethno-Religious Conflicts: Exploring the Role of Religion in Conflict Resolution.” J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman (eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution. SAGE, London.
Nasr, V. (1998). Religion and global affairs: Secular states and religious oppositions. SAIS Review, 18 (2), 32-37.
Ogar, J. N., Nwoye, L., & Bassey, S. A. (2019). Archetype of globalization: illusory comfort of neo-colonialism in Africa. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI), 2(3), 90-95.
Oladipo, O. 2000. “Values and National Rebirth.” Recall: A Chronicle of Nigerian Events, No 1: 64-68.
Olatunji, O.A. 2005. Reconciling The Self With The Other: An Existentialist Perspective on The Management of Ethnic Conflicts in Africa. Ibadan: Hope Publishers.
Onouha, F.C. 2012. “Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Extremist Islamic Sect.” Aljazeera center for studies. Retrieved via: http://studies.aljazeera.net
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Peter, O.F. (1998). “Plateau Crisis Claimed 54,000 Lives” The Cities of Perpetual Public Work. Accessed via: www.amarujari Retrieved January 20th, 2020.
Rostow, W. (1959). The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schermerhorn R (1970) Comparative Ethnic Relations. New York: Random House.
See Vanguard Newspapers. Boko Haram: From Islamic Sect to deadly armed group. Accessed via: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/06/boko-haram-from-islamic-sect-to-deadly-armed-group/ Retrieved January 20th, 2020.
Smith, D.E. (1970). Religion and political development. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown.
SMITH, R.T. “Review of Social and Cultural Pluralism in the Caribbean.” American Anthropologist, 63, 1961, pp. 155-157.
Unah J.I. (2000) “Difficult Decision Situations: A Phenomenological Ontology of Crisis Management.” A.T. Tymienieke (ed.), Anelecta Husserlianam, LXVIII: 237-246
Vanguard Newspapers. Boko Haram: From Islamic Sect to deadly armed group. Accessed via: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/06/boko-haram-from-islamic-sect-to-deadly-armed-group/ Retrieved January 20th, 2020.
Weber M (1968) Economy and Society, ed. Roth G, Wittich C. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wilson, M. 2018. “Nigeria's Boko Haram attacks in numbers - as lethal as ever.” BBC Monitoring. Retrieved through https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42735414. Accessed January 20th, 2020.
Adibe, J. (2014). Explaining the Emergence of Boko Haram. Brookings. Retrieved via: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/05/06/explaining-the-emergence-of-boko-haram/ Retrieved January 20th, 2020
Apter, D. (1965). The politics of modernization. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
Asouzu, I. (2011). “Ibuanyidanda” and the Philosophy of Essence. Calabar: University of Calabar Press.
Ayinla, S.A. (2003). “Managing Religious Intolerance and Violence in Nigeria, Problems and Solutions. A Paper Presented at the National Conference on Social Problems, Development and the Challenges of Globalization, Organized by Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife.
Bassey, S. A. (2016). Democracy and Gasset’s ‘The Revolt of the Masses’: An Exposition. OmniScience: A Multi-disciplinary Journal, 6(2), 1-8.
Bassey, S. A., & Pimaro Jr, T. M. (2019). Enyimba’s Notion of Madukaku and The Question of Anthropocentricism In African Environmental Ethics.
Cross, M. 'On Conflict, Race Relations, and the Theory of the Plural Society.' RACE, XII, no. 4, April 1971, pp. 477-494.
Ejizu, C.J. (1993). Religion and Politics in Nigeria: The Perspective of the Indigenous Religions. In Abubakre RD et al (eds.) Religion and Politics in Nigeria.
Fox, J. (1999). “Do religious institutions support violence or the status-quo?.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 22 (2), 119-139.
Fox. J & Sandler, S. (2003). “Quantifying religion: Toward building more effective ways of measuring religious influence on state-level behaviour.” Journal of Church and State, 45 (2), 559-588.
Fox. J & Sandler, S. (2003). “Quantifying religion: Toward building more effective ways of measuring religious influence on state-level behaviour.” Journal of Church and State, 45 (2), 559-588.
Goody J.R. (1961). “Religion and Ritual; The Definitional Problem.” British Journal of Sociology, 14: 82-91.
Havard Divinity School. “Maitatsine Riots.” Religious Literacy Project. Accessed via: https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/maitatsine-riots retrieved January 20th, 2020.
Haynes, J. (1994). Religion in third world politics. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Horton RF (1960). “A definition of Religion and its Uses.” J. Royal Anthropological Institute., 87: 370-383.
Huntington, S. (1993). “The clash of civilizations?.” Foreign Affairs, 72 (3)22-49.
Ikegbu, E. A., Ogar, J. N., & Inyang, J. O. (2009). Nigeria’s ethnic diversity and its proneness to conflict and violence. Ndunode: Calabar Journals of the Humanities, 8, 109-182.
Isiramen, C .O. (2010). “Religious crisis and development in Nigeria” in Isiramen, C .O, Imaekhai F.J. and Igboin B.O. (eds) Religion and the Nigerian Nation: Some topical issues. Ibadan: Enjoy Press & Books.com/amar/pdf/parish.pdf
Kadayifci-Orellana, S. A., (2009). “Ethno-Religious Conflicts: Exploring the Role of Religion in Conflict Resolution.” J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman (eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution. SAGE, London.
Nasr, V. (1998). Religion and global affairs: Secular states and religious oppositions. SAIS Review, 18 (2), 32-37.
Ogar, J. N., Nwoye, L., & Bassey, S. A. (2019). Archetype of globalization: illusory comfort of neo-colonialism in Africa. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI), 2(3), 90-95.
Oladipo, O. 2000. “Values and National Rebirth.” Recall: A Chronicle of Nigerian Events, No 1: 64-68.
Olatunji, O.A. 2005. Reconciling The Self With The Other: An Existentialist Perspective on The Management of Ethnic Conflicts in Africa. Ibadan: Hope Publishers.
Onouha, F.C. 2012. “Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Extremist Islamic Sect.” Aljazeera center for studies. Retrieved via: http://studies.aljazeera.net
Onouha, F.C. 2012. “Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Extremist Islamic Sect.” Aljazeera center for studies. Retrieved via: http://studies.aljazeera.net
Peter, O.F. (1998). “Plateau Crisis Claimed 54,000 Lives” The Cities of Perpetual Public Work. Accessed via: www.amarujari Retrieved January 20th, 2020.
Rostow, W. (1959). The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schermerhorn R (1970) Comparative Ethnic Relations. New York: Random House.
See Vanguard Newspapers. Boko Haram: From Islamic Sect to deadly armed group. Accessed via: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/06/boko-haram-from-islamic-sect-to-deadly-armed-group/ Retrieved January 20th, 2020.
Smith, D.E. (1970). Religion and political development. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown.
SMITH, R.T. “Review of Social and Cultural Pluralism in the Caribbean.” American Anthropologist, 63, 1961, pp. 155-157.
Unah J.I. (2000) “Difficult Decision Situations: A Phenomenological Ontology of Crisis Management.” A.T. Tymienieke (ed.), Anelecta Husserlianam, LXVIII: 237-246
Vanguard Newspapers. Boko Haram: From Islamic Sect to deadly armed group. Accessed via: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/06/boko-haram-from-islamic-sect-to-deadly-armed-group/ Retrieved January 20th, 2020.
Weber M (1968) Economy and Society, ed. Roth G, Wittich C. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wilson, M. 2018. “Nigeria's Boko Haram attacks in numbers - as lethal as ever.” BBC Monitoring. Retrieved through https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42735414. Accessed January 20th, 2020.
Published
2020-06-30
How to Cite
Kemi Anthony Emina. (2020). Ethno-Religious Conflict and the Quest for Peace in a Plural Society in Africa. Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal, 2(2), 613-622. https://doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v2i2.292
Section
Articles
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